<p>The Brittingham Boathouse is a historic boathouse located on North Shore Drive along a bay of Lake Monona in Madison, Wisconsin. Built in 1909-10, it is the citys oldest extant public park building. The Madison Park and Pleasure Drive Association, an association of civic leaders which established many of Madisons first parks, commissioned the boathouse as a public facility for the surrounding working-class neighborhood. Architect John Nolen, who was responsible for much of Madisons civic architecture, and Milwaukee architecture firm Ferry and Clas collaborated on the buildings design. The design is mainly utilitarian; its ornamental features include overhanging eaves with exposed rafters and a pointed arch entrance. The boathouse is named for Thomas Brittingham, a Madison lumberman who supplied $7,500 for its construction.</p><br>
<p>The boathouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 1982. It was significantly rehabilitated in 2005 through a joint effort by the City of Madison, the Madison Parks Foundation, and the Camp Randall Rowing Club.</p><br>
<p>The Duncan–Duitsman Farm Historic District is a nationally recognized agricultural historic district located northeast of George, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>John and Marion Duncan were the first settlers on this land, and built the 1½-story frame house on the farmstead to the east around 1878. It is the only structure left from his era. Duncan farmed his 80 acre for 16 years, and his father-in-law, John Watkins, farmed the 80 acre immediately to the west. John Duitsman bought the Duncan farm in 1894, and built farm buildings from 1904 to 1909. Duitsman later acquired what was the Watkins farm, and he farmed the entire 160 acre. He also built the buildings on that farmstead, where he made his home. The present house (non-contributing) was completed in 1949, replacing a house similar to the Duncan house. There are three depressions north of the Duncan house where buildings once stood. They could be all that remains of structures Duncan built and were destroyed in a 1938 tornado. A stand of trees were planted on the north side of both farmsteads, forming a wind break. There is only a small remnant left on the Duncan farmstead. The Argo Slough is on the north side of the property. This land has never been plowed and is a vestige of the native prairie.</p><br>
<p>The Bridge at Thirteenth Street, also known as the Wooden Bridge, is a historic bridge in St. Francisville, Illinois that carries Thirteenth Street across a former railroad right-of way. The bridge was built in 1909 as a safer crossing of the railroad; at the time, the railroad was operated by the Cairo, Vincennes and Chicago Railway, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway . The railroad paid for the bridge according to its contract with the city, which had passed a city council resolution compelling the railroad to fulfill this portion of the contract two years earlier. The bridge is a beam bridge built partly of timber and partly of steel, though it is possible that its steel beam was added after its completion. At 181 ft long with a 54 ft main span, the bridge is relatively long compared to other surviving timber bridges in Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 26, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Broad View Ranch Historic District is a nationally recognized agricultural historic district located northwest of Sheldon, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Charles F. Peters was a native of Prussia who immigrated to the United States in 1868 at 18 years old. He bought his first quarter section of land in Lyon County in 1882, and began a cattle operation. Initially, his cattle grazed freely on unoccupied land, but as the county became more populated he acquired two more sections. Eventually his land holdings grew to 1,200 acre. He constructed buildings for his operation, including the 1889 main barn, the cattle barn, silo barn, and granary all constructed in 1890. He built his Italianatehouse in 1896, which has been significantly altered in subsequent years. Other domestic structures include buildings to store coal, ice, and house laying hens. A grove of hardwoods that was planted on the north and west edges of the farmstead forming a wind break is a contributing site. The ranch remains in the Peters family.</p><br>
<p>The Beaver Meadow School is a historic school building at 246 Chapel Hill Road in Norwich, Vermont. Built in 1922, it is a rare late example of a one-room schoolhouse, made further distinctive by the survival of its original schoolroom interior. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Beaver Meadow School stands in the rural crossroads village of West Norwich, on the east side of Chapel Hill Road, a short way north of its junction with Beaver Meadow Road. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a foundation of stone and concrete. Shed-roof additions extend across the full length of the western side, and part of the northern side. The building faces south, facing a gravel parking lot near the road. The facade has sash windows on either side of its entrance, which is handsomely decorated with flanking engaged Tuscan columns rising to an entablature and gabled pediment. A semicircular window is set in the gable end above. The roof is topped by a square, square open belfry. The interior has a narrow vestibule, which opens into the main chamber. It has a stage at one end, and retains original wood flooring, wainscoting, and a woodstove with an unusual safety enclosure.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1922, a fairly late period for the construction of these types of district school buildings. It was used until 1946 for educational purposes, and has been used since then as a community clubhouse. It is unusual among one-room schoolhouses for retaining most of its original interior, which is often lost when such buildings are converted to other uses. This school, along with the Root School, was among the last of the town&#39;s district schools to close.</p><br>
<p>Early Granite Kerbing and Channelling, Cooktown is a heritage-listed set of rainwater management structures at Adelaide, Charlotte, Furneaux, Green, Helen, Hogg, Hope and Walker Streets and Webber Esplanade, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1884 to 1905 by Thomas Pascoe. It is also known as Early Granite Kerbing and Channelling. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 April 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Most of Cooktown&#39;s early granite kerbing and channelling was constructed between 1884 and 1905. Particularly fine examples of this work are evident in Charlotte, Hogg, Furneaux, and Green Streets, but the full extent of the work is much wider, and early kerbing and channelling which is now below present street levels continues to be uncovered as new streetwork is undertaken.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown Municipal Council was established in 1876, but the earliest recorded stone kerbing and channelling work dates to 1884, during a boom period in which the Cooktown Municipal Council commenced a number of civic improvements, including a water supply system; stormwater kerbing, channelling and drains; footpaths; street lighting; and wharf extensions.</p><br>
<p>In mid-1884 the Council called tenders for 240 yards of kerbing in Charlotte Street. The contract was let to Cornishman Tom Pascoe, a Cooktown resident, who tendered with a price of 6/- per yard. He used slabs cut locally from granite boulders along the slopes and spurs of Grassy Hill. In addition to the kerbing constructed by Pascoe, culverts at the junction of Banks and Charlotte Streets were constructed by day labour over a two-week period in the latter months of 1884, the stone for this work being cut from near the Seaview Hotel (no longer in existence), about September.</p><br>
<p>Early in 1887 Tom Pascoe again successfully tendered with the municipal council, winning the contract to construct the Hill Street culverts. It is not clear whether the large underground stone-pitched drain leading from Hill Street underneath Charlotte Street and the foreshore to the Endeavour River estuary, was constructed at this time also. At the same period, further watertable works and kerbing in Walker Street was carried out by day labour. In the second half of 1888 the Cooktown Municipal Council employed an engineering surveyor to draw up plans and specifications for new culverts at the intersection of Walker and Charlotte Streets, but these proved too expensive, and the work was contracted ultimately in 1889 to Cross and Duffiey for £125. Taylor & Brown constructed a culvert in Hill Street for £21 in 1889.</p><br>
<p>During the 1890s the Cooktown Municipal Council extended the work of kerbing and channelling the town&#39;s principal streets. In the second half of 1890 Thomas Pascoe was contracted to cut 500 yards of stone kerbing at 2/8 per yard, a standard price for this work, and in the same period he constructed a culvert in Hill street for £45. A council quarry in Hope Street was operating at this period. In the second half of 1891 Cleary, Brown & Smith were contracted to split and stack 500 yards of kerbing at 2/8 per yard. In October 1892 the Council voted a sum of £50 for work in Hope Street and 50 feet of kerbing was constructed along the southern side of Hogg Street from the corner of Hope Street. Early in 1893 two men were employed by the council to cut kerbing for future road works. By early April that year they had cut 159 yards of kerbing and 54 yards of pitching. Between mid-1894 and mid-1895, 271 yards of kerbing was constructed in upper Charlotte Street, and in November 1895 kerbing was constructed along the southern side of Green Street from Charlotte Street. Further kerbing along the eastern side of Charlotte Street, between Green and Furneaux Streets, was undertaken August–September 1896.</p><br>
<p>During Pher Erick Seagrens many years on the Cooktown Municipal (later Town) Council, including two terms as mayor (1898-1901 and 1905–08), the work of improving Cooktown streets was renewed with vigour. Seagren was one of the towns earliest settlers, a substantial landholder in the district, a resident of Cooktown for 60 years, and a prominent and highly respected member of his community. He was keen to encourage Cooktowns progress, and was actively involved in municipal work for many years, beginning with three years on the Daintree Divisional Board (1892–95) prior to being elected to the Cooktown Municipal Council in 1895. Seagrens contribution to his community has been described as follows:"He has laboured for the improvement of the town with unsparing energy, and the excellent condition of the streets, footpaths, and other public works is due to his progressive methods when mayor.Early in 1898 the municipal council called tenders for 450 yards of kerbing and 600 yards of pitching for kerbing in Hope Street from Walker to Hogg Streets. It appears that the kerbing and channelling to lower Charlotte Street was undertaken in 1898 as well, and that similar work to upper Charlotte Street commenced in May 1899. By mid-July 1899, the kerbing on the northern side of Furneaux Street as far as the hill above Helen Street was completed.</p><br>
<p>Kerbing in Green Street between Charlotte and Helen Streets was commenced in December 1900 and completed in August 1901. Kerbing along Walker Street from the Commercial (now Cooktown) Hotel to the junction of Helen Street was constructed between November 1901 and March 1902. Kerbing along Hope Street commenced in June 1902. In January 1903 it was reported that kerbing and undertables were constructed in Helen Street between Walker and Hogg Streets and in November the same year the kerbing was continued in Hope Street to the corner of Pryde Street. In 1904 a culvert and kerbing was constructed in Adelaide Street and the Furneaux Street kerbing was constructed in 1905.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cooktown&#39;s early kerb and channelling is constructed of granite, a granular igneous rock composed mainly of feldspar (orthoclase) and quartz. The kerb blocks are typically 200mm thick and 600mm long and the channelling is formed from various sized slabs. The early kerbing has shallow drill holes, indicating that the stone was probably drilled by hand.</p><br>
<p>The kerbs have been constructed to several different depths, possibly dependent on the extent of stormwater run off in specific area. On the western side of Charlotte Street adjacent to R.93 (Cook Monument Reserve), there is 300mm high kerb with an 800mm wide channel - these were some of the earliest works, constructed in 1884-85. Directly opposite, along the eastern side of Charlotte Street, which is slightly higher, the kerb is 300mm high and the channel is 600mm wide. In the main town area in Charlotte Street the kerb heights vary from 300mm to 200mm, but the channelling remains constant at 600mm wide.</p><br>
<p>Lower Furneaux Street receives large quantities of stormwater from the elevated areas of the town, and accordingly, there is a 350mm high kerb with a 1400mm wide channel.</p><br>
<p>In Hogg Street adjacent to section 15 the normal kerb and channel becomes a drainage channel formed on both sides of the channel with granite and measures 400mm deep by 1100mm wide. At the intersection of Hogg and Charlotte Streets is a particularly fine granite boxed culvert, and at the intersection of Adelaide and Hogg Streets, an early stone-pitched dish drain.</p><br>
<p>The channelling to the streets along the crest and upper slopes of the ridge running south from Grassy Hill direct stormwater run-off toward Charlotte Street, and at the junction of Charlotte Street with Hill Street, a large stone-pitched underground drain carries the run-off underneath Charlotte Street and the foreshore to the Endeavour River estuary. Along Charlotte Street there are a number of vertical and side entry stormwater gully pits which appear to connect to early underground stormwater drains.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Early Granite Kerbing and Channelling of Cooktown was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 April 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The early granite kerbing and channelling at Cooktown is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, especially the important role of Cooktown, once a prosperous regional centre and port, in the development of far North Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The work was initiated in the mid-1880s when the Cooktown Municipal Council commenced a number of other civic improvements, including a water supply system, street lighting and wharf extensions.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Such extensive and early use of granite kerbing and channelling, illustrating the confidence and optimism of local business and civic leaders in the future of Cooktown in the late 19th century, is unknown in any other town of far North Queensland, and therefore is significant for its rarity value.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As some Cooktown street levels have been raised, there is the possibility that sub-strata kerbing and channelling exist with the potential to extend the current body of knowledge about this early civic work and the work of the Cooktown Municipal Council in general.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The early granite kerbing and channelling has aesthetic significance, contributing to the overall aesthetic and amenity of the historic streetscapes of Cooktown and providing a high degree of unity to the townscape in its material and design.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It contributes also to the uniqueness of Cooktown, and as such is valued by the local community as an important element of Cooktown&#39;s history and identity. That the community values the early kerbing and channelling is evident in the actions of the Cook Shire Council, which since the 1970s has been constructing new granite kerbing and channelling to complement the earlier work.</p><br>
<p>Seagrens Building is a heritage-listed workshop at 124 Charlotte Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1880s to. It is also known as Motor Inn Motel and Seagrens Inn. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed timber and galvanised iron building was constructed in the 1880s for Cooktown cabinet maker and furniture dealer, Pher Erick Seagren (Sjorgren), who acquired the site (allotment 11 of section 3, parish of Cook) in 1880. Photographic evidence reveals that the building was extant by the late 1880s at least, although the northern side verandah was not added until around the turn of the century. The upper level of the building was the Seagren family residence, with the lower level a furniture display room/shop. A photograph also indicates a large workshop attached to the rear of the building. Whether part of this survives in the present rear extension has yet to be determined.</p><br>
<p>Pher Erick Seagren, Cooktown pioneer</p><br>
<p>PE Seagren was born in Sweden in 1845. Following an apprenticeship in cabinetmaking, he worked in his trade in Copenhagen before emigrating to the Queensland in his mid-twenties, arriving at Rockhampton in 1871. In 1873 he married, at Rockhampton, Rosetta Bradish, a London emigrant who also had arrived in Rockhampton in 1871. Intending to join in the Palmer River goldrush, Seagren travelled to Cooktown in February 1874, but chose instead to establish himself in his trade at the burgeoning port. He was one of the town&#39;s earliest citizens, and according to local tradition his son, William Erick Endeavour, was the first white male born at Cooktown, on 26 August 1874.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown was founded in October 1873 as the Endeavour River port for the Palmer River goldfields, and within six months had 20 restaurants, 12 large and 20 smaller stores, 6 butchers, 5 bakers, 3 tinsmiths, and chemists, fancygoods shops, watchmakers, bootmakers and saddlers; 65 publican&#39;s licenses had been issued for the Cooktown-Palmer River district, with 30 more applied for by April 1874. Two Cooktown newspapers were established in 1874, and the town was declared a municipality on 5 April 1876. A railway was constructed from Cooktown to Laura between 1884 and 1888, further opening the port to development. By the turn of the century the Cooktown-Palmer River district had a population of 35,000 ( 15,000 Europeans and 20,000 Chinese) and Cooktown had become the important centre not only of a thriving mining district, but also of pearling, beche-de-mer, and pastoral activity.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s Queensland Post Office Directories Seagren was listed as a cabinetmaker and furniture dealer and upholsterer, general importer, and a furniture, glass and china dealer. In August 1889, Seagren advertised as a cabinetmaker and upholsterer, whose furniture warehouse and china and glass bazaar was located near the Queensland National Bank in Charlotte Street, the principal thoroughfare of Cooktown. This equates with the position of the present building.</p><br>
<p>By 1898 PE Seagren had acquired the adjoining northern allotment, containing two shops, and an upper level verandah was added to the northern side of his shop-house. This was enclosed below as shop space. Seagren acquired the adjoining southern allotment, which contained a small shop, in 1915.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1900s output from the Palmer goldfield was declining, and Cooktowns significance as a regional port correspondingly decreased. The Charlotte Street building survived the cyclone of 1907 and the 1918 fire which destroyed the buildings on the opposite side of the street, but following PE Seagrens death at Cooktown in 1934, aged 88, the furniture warehouse was closed. Seagren-manufactured furniture reputedly became collectors&#39; items.</p><br>
<p>PE Seagren was one of the earliest settlers of Cooktown, a substantial landholder in the district, a resident of Cooktown for 60 years, and a prominent and highly respected member of his community. He was keen to encourage Cooktown&#39;s progress, and was actively involved in municipal work for many years, beginning with three years on the Daintree Divisional Board (1892–95) prior to being elected to the Cooktown Municipal Council in 1895. He served as mayor of Cooktown for two terms: 1898-1901 and 1905-1908.</p><br>
<p>Seagren&#39;s contribution to his community has been described as follows:"He has laboured for the improvement of the town with unsparing energy, and the excellent condition of the streets, footpaths, and other public works is due to his progressive methods when mayor.Seagren was a Justice of the Peace, and held positions on the Hospital Board and School Advisory Board.</p><br>
<p>In 1924 title to the Charlotte Street property was transferred to Seagren&#39;s only surviving child, Mrs Gertrude Blanche Muller, and following her death in 1949, to her children Mrs Malvine Rosetta Blanche Johnson and Erick Seagren Muller, who sold the building in 1952. Little has been recorded of the use of the building between the mid-1930s and the late 1960s, when Margaret Edmonds and Adrienne (Bobby) Gravenor established a newsagency, boutique and tourist information centre in the downstairs shop. They acquired title to the property in 1973, and by 1975 had converted the building into the Motor Inn Motel.</p><br>
<p>Later it operated as a hotel under the name Seagren&#39;s Inn. In 2016, the building is for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site rises from Charlotte Street to the east and the building responds to this. The two-storeyed front section is at street level and the adjoining rear single-storeyed section is at a half level above this.</p><br>
<p>The front section has a steep hipped roof which runs back to a gable end and drops down to a lower gable roof. Attached to this is a single storey lean-to.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed in timber and has an exposed frame at first floor level. The remainder of the building is clad in fibrous cement sheeting either replacing or covering original corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>A two-storeyed verandah with cast iron balustrade at first floor level runs along Charlotte Street and returns along the northside. The balustrade panels appear to have been re-positioned. There are two varieties of verandah bracket some of which are later. A deep valance exists below the verandah level which traditionally has been used for signage. The verandah is supported on timber posts that divide the original section of the verandah into four equal bays with a fifth wider bay, that was added, on the northern end. A divider is situated on the verandah at first floor level to the north of the central hall.</p><br>
<p>A shop is situated on the ground floor that runs the depth of the two storey section and has a set of French doors at the entrance with large timber-framed windows each side. The original wide horizontal timber panelling is in evidence on the walls.</p><br>
<p>An entrance to the stair from the street is situated on the south side that leads up to the verandah along Charlotte Street. Early 20th century extensions enclose the north side. The first floor is divided into guest rooms running off a central hall. The interior of the rear section of the building appears to have been altered.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Seagren&#39;s Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Seagrens Building, erected in the 1880s, illustrates the pattern of Queenslands history. It is important surviving evidence of the establishment of Cooktown as an important regional centre and port in far north Queensland in the last quarter of the 19th century. The place is illustrative of the boom years of the mid-to-late 1880s when Cooktown appeared to have an unlimited future. It is important also in illustrating the contribution of non-English-speaking immigration to the development of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building illustrates some rare aspects of Queenslands heritage: it is one of a small group of surviving Charlotte Street buildings which illustrate the hub of activity that was Cooktown in the 1870s, 1880s and early 1890s; it is one of Cooktowns oldest buildings and the last remaining structure of its type along Charlotte Street; and, despite the conversion to a motel, also provides rare surviving evidence of a far north Queensland shop-house of this period.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has the potential to contribute to our understanding of Queenslands cultural heritage. Little is known to date of the influence of Scandinavian building techniques and/or design on 19th century Queensland construction, and the former Seagrens Building may prove important in future studies.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Despite adaptation to a motel, the core and fabric survive substantially intact. The building remains a rare example of its type: a two-storeyed late 19th century North Queensland shop-house constructed of timber framing and galvanised iron cladding, with front and side verandahs to the upper level, illustrating the adaptive use of portable building materials and of design in a remote tropical locale.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building, located in the main commercial street in Cooktown, contributes aesthetically to an historical streetscape which includes the adjacent Westpac Bank Building and former Bank of North Queensland, the Cook Shire Council Chambers, Mary Watson&#39;s Monument and the former Cooktown Post Office on the opposite side of the street; and the early stone kerbing and channelling in Charlotte Street.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant for its long association with the life and work of Cooktown cabinet maker, furniture dealer and civic leader, Phers Erick Seagren, a Swedish immigrant who was instrumental in shaping the development of Cooktown in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Polled Hereford Breed Origin Site is a historic site located southwest of Indianola, Iowa, United States. The American owners of Hereford cattle in the 19th century knew that the breed occasionally produced calves that did not develop horns. They are known as polled, which means "naturally hornless." As early as 1893 attempts were made in Kansas and Ontario in Canada to produce the hornless variant. Warren Gammon, a Des Moines lawyer, developed his plan after seeing polled Herefords at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition in 1893. With his son Bert, he leased 5 acre of a farm that was owned by the Angus Coal Mining Company. He acquired four bulls and ten cows of purebred Herefords that had failed to develop horns. Two cows were infertile and one bull had to be eliminated. Beside the windmill where the bull "Giant" was tied up the first planned mating with a Polled Hereford cow took place on February 21, 1902. By 1976, the Polled Hereford breed was numerically greater than the horned variety in the United States, and was about three-fourths of the Iowa&#39;s Hereford stock. The Iowa Polled Hereford Association erected a historical marker at the site. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Ferrari Estates Building is a heritage-listed former bank building at 126 Charlotte Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eyre & Munro and built from 1890 to 1891 by John Armstrong. It is also known as Bank of North Queensland. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed brick building was erected in 1890-91 as the banking premises and manager&#39;s residence for the Cooktown branch of the Bank of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Established in Townsville in July 1888, the Bank of North Queensland, was one of only three 19th century indigenous Queensland banks, the other two being the Queensland National Bank, established 1872, and the Royal Bank of Queensland, established 1885. Actively supported by Robert Philp, politician, businessman and separationist, formation of the Bank of North Queensland was allied closely to the separation movement, and promoted as a source of North Queensland development capital free from southern (i.e. Queensland National Bank) influences. Within 6 months, the new bank had established 7 branches, including Cooktown, which opened on 1 September 1888. The Brisbane branch was opened in November 1888, and the bank&#39;s headquarters transferred there from Townsville in 1894. Several of the smaller North Queensland branches closed during the 1890s, but by 1900 additional branches had been established at Childers, Mareeba, Mount Morgan, Thornborough and Thursday Island, reflecting the shifting fortunes of North Queensland industries (mining, pastoralism, and the beche-de-mer trade).</p><br>
<p>When the Cooktown branch was established in 1888, alluvial goldmining on the Palmer River gold fields was still paying high dividends, the Annan River tinfields had just been opened, and the local beche-de-mer industry was booming. Cooktown, which serviced a district population of approximately 30,000, was thriving, and both the Bank of New South Wales and the Queensland National Bank had opened branches there already. Such was local business confidence in the future of far North Queensland, that within two years the Bank of North Queensland had commissioned Townsville architects Eyre & Munro to design substantial new premises for the Cooktown branch. Title to the Charlotte Street site was acquired by the bank in June 1890, tenders were called in August–September, and the contract was let to John Armstrong of Cooktown, with a price of £2,188. Work on the site excavation had begun by mid-September, and the foundation was laid on 13 October 1890 by Mr AJ Charker, manager of the bank&#39;s Cooktown branch.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed brick building was one of Cooktowns more substantial buildings. The ground floor contained the banking chamber, managers room and strong room. A private entrance at the side of the building led to the managers residence, which comprised entrance hall and dining room on the ground floor, and drawing room, 3 bedrooms, bathroom and linen press on the upper level. The bedrooms opened onto the side balcony. The single-storeyed kitchen wing beyond the dining room contained kitchen, servants room and store., with high ceilings and plenty of windows to ensure adequate ventilation in a tropical climate. The whole was constructed of brick, initially supplied from Mrs Savage&#39;s brickyard at the "Two-mile" just outside Cooktown. Difficulties in their manufacture and heavy rain during February delayed work on the bank building, and it was finally completed in mid-1891.</p><br>
<p>Even as the new building was opened, Cooktowns fortunes were waning. Output from the Palmer River gold fields declined as the alluvial gold was worked out, and Cooktowns importance as the principal supply port to the interior diminished accordingly. Just after the turn of the century, there was some renewed activity on the Palmer River, but this was not sustained at the volume anticipated. Cyclone damage in 1907 destroyed large numbers of Cooktown buildings which were never re-built, and the Cooktown branch of the Bank of North Queensland finally closed in January 1908. For some years it remained bank property, but was rented out as a residence - the Police Magistrate occupied the building in 1917.</p><br>
<p>In 1917 the Bank of North Queensland merged with the Royal Bank of Queensland to form the Bank of Queensland, and this in turn was taken over in 1922 by the National Bank of Australasia Ltd, which disposed of the Cooktown property in 1924. Title to the building was held by Walter Colley, and later his widow, from 1926 until 1948, when it passed to Cairns auctioneer and insurance agent Cornelius O&#39;Leary. It has been held by the Ferrari family since 1963. The building is understood to have been used mostly as a residence until the 1970s. It was occupied for some years as a grocery store until closed in December 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site faces due west to Charlotte Street and runs to the east rising to a large granite outcrop. The building which is two-storeyed and of rendered brick, has a rectangular plan form which runs to the street alignment. A single-storeyed wing runs off the north east corner at the rear of the building. The existing roof over the two- storeyed section is asymmetrically hipped.</p><br>
<p>At ground level the facade has a symmetrical three bay colonnade that has semi-circular headed openings with hood moulds and a keystone. The openings are supported on bracketed piers which are recessed between squared piers. At the carriage opening the semi-circular opening sits on brackets. A cornice divides the facade between ground and first floor levels.</p><br>
<p>The upper level is also divided into three bays with semi -circular headed openings similar to ground level but of lower in height, they are divided by pilasters and have been infilled with glazing. Above these windows is a further cornice with central triangular pediment. A balustrade rises above this. The southern openings provides access to what was the coach entry. The original wrought iron gates remain.</p><br>
<p>Internally a large proportion of the evidence of the original use of the building has been lost due to refurbishment, but evidence of the strongroom and position of the manager&#39;s office survives on the ground floor, and the original timber stair between floors remains against the east wall. The timber verandah along the south wall has been infilled with fibrous cement cladding.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ferrari Estates Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Bank of North Queensland at Cooktown, erected 1890-91, is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history. It is surviving evidence of the establishment of Cooktown as an important regional centre and port in far north Queensland in the last quarter of the 19th century, and a symbol of both local and Queensland-wide business confidence in the future of Cooktown at this period.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building illustrates some rare aspects of Queenslands heritage: it is one of a small group of surviving Charlotte Street buildings which illustrate the hub of activity that was Cooktown from the 1870s to the 1890s; it is one of Cooktowns oldest buildings; it is of brick construction, which is rare in Cooktown; and, despite the refurbishments, still provides strong evidence of the adaptation of traditional European design to a tropical climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Despite the removal of a number of interior walls, the form and street presence survive. The building remains a rare example of its type: a substantial, two-storeyed late 19th century North Queensland bank building containing banking chamber and manager&#39;s residence, constructed of rendered brick, with front and side verandahs to the upper level, illustrating the adaptive use of design in a remote tropical locale.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building, located in the main commercial street in Cooktown, contributes aesthetically to an historical streetscape which includes the adjacent Seagrens Building and nearby Westpac Bank; the Cook Shire Council Chambers, Mary Watsons Monument and the former Cooktown Post Office on the opposite side of the street; and the early stone kerbing and channelling in Charlotte Street.</p><br>
<p>Wallace Hall, formerly known as Science Hall, is a historic building located on the campus of Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa, United States. The 2½-story, brick structure was designed by Wichita, Kansas architect, and Indianola native, William T. Proudfoot. He would become partner in the prominent Des Moines architectural firm of Proudfoot & Bird. This is the firm&#39;s earliest known extant building in Iowa. The Romanesque Revival style is found in the round arched openings, stone trim, decorative brickwork, prominent gables centered at the front and rear elevations, and slender turrets on the corners. The building was completed in 1888. George Washington Carver studied art in the attic classroom while attending Simpson in 1890-1891. A new science hall was completed in 1956, and named for Carver. This building remained vacant for the most part, and suffered a fire a few years later. It was eventually renovated, and on June 4, 1967 it was rededicated and at that time was renamed. It now honors Henry A. Wallace, a geneticist and former Vice President of the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Westpac Bank Building is a heritage-listed former bank building at 120 Charlotte Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1891 to 1891. It is also known as Bank of New South Wales and Queensland National Bank. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 March 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed brick building was completed in 1891, as the premises for the Queensland National Bank. The building was designed by FDG Stanley, who was responsible for the design of a number of bank buildings in Queensland during the 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The gold rush of the early 1870s which attracted miners and speculators to the Palmer River goldfield provided the impetus for the permanent settlement of Cooktown, becoming a municipality in 1876. Cooktown developed rapidly in the mid 1880s and the substantial nature of the buildings in Charlotte Street indicated the town&#39;s importance as a port and business centre. The growth of Cooktown and success of the Palmer River goldfields stimulated the growth of the surrounding district and settlement of the Peninsula. The Queensland National Bank commenced business in Cooktown in 1874 and built a small timber premises adjacent to the current site. These premises were demolished when the new building was completed. The other portion of the current site was occupied by John Walsh, a Cooktown storekeeper, Mayor of Cooktown in 1876 and a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Cook in 1878.</p><br>
<p>The premises were purchased by the Bank of New South Wales in 1934.</p><br>
<p>Restoration work was undertaken on the premises in 1941, and dry rot and white ant activity required further maintenance work during the 1950s. The residential areas of the premises were altered during the 1960s, and maintenance has been ongoing since the 1970s. A garage was erected during the 1960s which is now used as a storage shed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located in the main street of Cooktown, the Cooktown Westpac Bank is a two-storeyed brick building with a corrugated iron roof and timber verandahs to three sides. It has a rendered street facade, with a substantial colonnade to the ground floor, a more delicately detailed upper storey, and a central entrance portico. The building has an L-shaped plan. The street-facing wing has the bank on the ground floor, with a public banking area to the north-west, and the managers residence above, with bedrooms and lounge overlooking the street. An adjoining wing extending to the rear contains staff quarters and a single storeyed kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor colonnade comprises round rendered concrete columns with an entablature with rectangular motifs, and a rendered concrete balustrade with shaped balusters. The first floor has cast iron columns with floriated capitals, a wrought iron balustrade, and a timber frieze. The entrance portico has paired columns to the ground floor flanking an arch with a keystone. An arched pediment spans the width of the entry, and is surmounted by a projecting bay with arched timber work and a triangular timber pediment. The eaves have shaped timber brackets, and a rendered masonry chimney rises above the roofline. Windows and doors to the ground floor street facade are arched, linked with string courses, and decorated with keystones. The upper level openings are rectangular.</p><br>
<p>The treatment of side and rear elevations is more modest, but with fine detailing. The walls are unrendered brickwork with rectangular openings to ground and first floors, and the verandahs have paired timber posts with timber valances and capitals, boarded timber sunscreens, and cast iron balustrades. The side verandahs are partially enclosed.</p><br>
<p>The building has timber double hung sash windows, and timber french doors opening onto the verandah.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the bank contains fine decorative elements. It has plaster ceilings with elaborately decorated plaster cornices, ceiling roses and beam encasings. Timber work includes finely carved and turned stairs, and panelled cedar doors with ventilated fanlights. The public banking area contains a particularly impressive richly carved counter inset with ventilation grilles.</p><br>
<p>The Cooktown Westpac Bank has a fine and intact facade which contributes to the streetscape of Charlotte Street, and contains fine interior decorative elements.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the building is no longer in use as a Westpac branch as only an ATM service is provided in the town.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Westpac Bank Building in Cooktown was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 March 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Westpac Bank at Cooktown, completed in 1891, is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the development of North Queensland, and the development of Cooktown as a port and business centre to service the important Palmer River goldfields.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place also demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial 1890s masonry bank building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular: its fine exterior detailing; its fine interior decorative elements; and its contribution to the streetscape of Charlotte Street.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As a banking premises in Cooktown since 1891, it has a strong association with the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has special association with the work of architect FDG Stanley, as one of a number of premises designed by Stanley for the Queensland National Bank during the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Kage School is a former one-room schoolhouse in the city limits of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places . While it was in operation it was a part of School District No. 52, then located northwest of the City of Cape Girardeau in unincorporated Cape Girardeau County. The school served eight grade levels .</p><br>
<p>During the district&#39;s history students who matriculated to high school attended Cape Girardeau Central High School and Campus High School.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1849, the school&#39;s first building, made of logs, opened, and a newer brick building opened in 1880.</p><br>
<p>In 1949 the first proposal to consolidate the Kage School District with the Cape Girardeau School District occurred. Voters rejected it and subsequent annual consolidation proposals; at the time there was a national trend of consolidating schools in order to allow students to specialize in mathematics and science courses. The City of Cape Girardeau annexed over 50% of the Kage School District territory in 1967, and the school shut down the following year. It had 16 students in its final year of operation. Elementary students were reassigned to Hawthorn School. The school itself now resides in the city limits.</p><br>
<p>Keith Deimund, a former student, acquired the property and held it for at least 10 years as he wanted to make sure it was preserved. He sold it to Rick Hetzel around 2014, and Hetzel converted the building into a guest house. It now operates as the Historic Kage School Guest Cottage.</p><br>
<h2>Structure and surroundings</h2><br>
<p>The building uses elements of Missouri-German architecture. This building has a 13 ft ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The Warren County Administration Building, formerly Indianola High School, is located in Indianola, Iowa, United States. The first high school in town was designed by the Des Moines architectural firm of Proudfoot & Bird. It was completed in 1904 and an annex was added in 1917 because of increased enrollment. Irving School , housed grades 1-8 and was condemned by the city council in 1924. The Independent School District of Indianola decided to build a new building to house the high school and elementary grades. The Minneapolis architectural firm of Grahn & Rathurst was chosen the design the $180,000 building. Completed in 1925, the first floor housed grades 1-6 and the second floor housed grades 10-12. The old high school building, no longer extant, became the junior high school building. The interior of the brick, Late Gothic Revival structure has a U-shaped hallway with a gymnasium/auditorium in the middle and classrooms on the outer perimeter. After a new high school was built in Indianola, this building was renovated between 1997 and 1999 for the Warren County Administration Building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>James Cook Historical Museum is a heritage-listed former convent and school and now museum at Furneaux Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1888 to 1889 Hobbs & Carter. It was formerly known as St Mary&#39;s Convent and School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This substantial, two-storeyed brick building was erected in 1888-1889 as St Mary&#39;s Convent and School. It was the inspiration of the first Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown, Bishop John Hutchinson; designed by former colonial architect Francis Drummond Greville Stanley, of Brisbane; and staffed initially by Sisters of Mercy from Dunvargan in Ireland.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Hutchinson was one of three Irish Augustinian Fathers who arrived in Cooktown in 1884 to take charge of the Pro-Vicariate of North Queensland, established in 1876 and extending from Cardwell to Cape York Peninsula. In the mid-1880s it was appropriate that the Augustinians were based at Cooktown, rather than Cairns, as the former was emerging as the principal town and port of far North Queensland. Such was the rapid progress of Cooktown during the second half of the 1880s that the Pro-Vicariate of North Queensland was constituted the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown in 1887. Father Hutchinson was appointed the first Vicar Apostolic and was consecrated a Bishop in August the same year. In late 1887 Bishop Hutchinson returned to Ireland to recruit more priests and to encourage an order of sisters to establish a convent school at Cooktown. There was an existing primary school, staffed by lay teachers, attached to St Mary&#39;s Pro-Cathedral in Cooktown, but Bishop Hutchinson envisaged a grander establishment which could offer a superior education, both religious and academic, to the girls (future wives and mothers) of Far North Queensland. It was to operate as both a day school and a boarding school for girls.</p><br>
<p>St Marys Convent and School was designed by former colonial architect FDG Stanley, one of Queenslands most prolific late 19th century architects. In the 1880s he designed a number of other Catholic churches and institutional buildings, including St Patricks Church at Gympie (1883–88), additions to St Marys Church at Maryborough (1884–85), dormitories at St Vincent&#39;s Orphanage, Nudgee (1886–87), Holy Cross Church at Bundaberg (1886–88), the Magdalene Asylum at Wooloowin, Brisbane (1888–89), and the Sisters of Mercy Convent at South Brisbane (1889).</p><br>
<p>The tender for St Mary&#39;s Convent and School at Cooktown was let about May 1888 to Brisbane contractors Hobbs & Carter, who had erected the much admired Cook Monument at Cooktown in 1887. When Bishop Hutchinson returned from Ireland in June 1888 with five Sisters of Mercy to staff the school, the convent building was far from complete, but work continued rapidly and the building was occupied by May 1889.</p><br>
<p>Stanleys original design was for a two-storeyed brick core with two transverse wings, but when officially opened by Bishop Hutchinson on 12 May 1889, only the core and north wing had been completed, at a cost of nearly £5,000. The intention was to complete the second wing as funds permitted, but this did not eventuate. The substantial brick building was the most imposing structure in Cooktown, pre-dating the Queensland National Bank building in Charlotte Street by about two years. The footings were of concrete and the plinth was constructed of Cooktown granite. Most of the bricks were obtained from Campbell & Sons brickworks in Brisbane, and shipped to Cooktown. Much of the skilled labour required for the construction also came from Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ground floor comprised a central entrance hall, off which opened a large dining room (also used as the school chapel) to the right and a large reception room for visitors to the left. Behind these rooms were two classrooms, each divided by folding doors. Beyond the reception room was the school hall, a large room 44 ft by 18 ft, which occupied most of the ground floor of the north wing. Beyond the eastern end of the hall were the lavatories. A central staircase led from the entrance hall to the upper floor, which contained boarders dormitories at the north end and dormitories for the sisters at the south end. Upper floor lavatories and bathrooms were located above the ground floor lavatories at the east end of the north wing. Boarders used a second staircase on the rear verandah, rather than the grand central stair. At the rear, the kitchen, scullery and servants room formed a detached wing, connected to the main building via a covered way. Stanley had taken account of the Cooktown climate: the rooms were large, light and airy, and there were deep verandahs front and back. The rear verandahs were enclosed with "curtain boards", and the front verandahs were decorated with cast iron.</p><br>
<p>The site selected was on the crest of the ridge running south from Grassy Hill, above the main street of Cooktown, with a spectacular view over the Endeavour River estuary. By the 1890s the imposing building had become a Cooktown landmark, regularly featured in visiting journalists&#39; descriptions of the town.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Hutchinson had made the establishment of the convent school at Cooktown a personal project, donating much of his own money and borrowing from his relatives in Ireland, but substantial funds were raised locally as well. The community clearly recognised the need for an educational institution for girls in far North Queensland which offered a superior education to that available in small local state schools, and St Marys was patronised by families of all denominations. It was the first girls high school in the area and gained a strong reputation for the quality of its music curriculum. World-acclaimed Queensland singer Gladys Moncrieff was educated there.</p><br>
<p>The significance of Cooktown as a port deteriorated in the 1890s, as production from the alluvial diggings on the Palmer Goldfields declined. Bishop Hutchinson died in 1897, and his successor, Bishop James Murray, is understood to have paid off the debt on the convent building by conducting a lecture tour in the United States. In 1906 Bishop Murray moved his residence to Cairns, which had eclipsed Cooktown as the principal port of far North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Despite the decline of Cooktown - both in population and significance - St Marys Convent and School remained an important educational facility for girls in far North Queensland until the 1930s. The building suffered substantial damage during the cyclone of January 1907, which demolished the Catholic Church behind the convent and removed part of the convent roof, but was repaired immediately. However, many of the businesses destroyed in the 1907 cyclone were not re-established, and an entire block of shops and offices in the main street of Cooktown, destroyed by fire in 1919, were never re-built. St Marys boarding school closed in the 1930s but co-educational day classes were continued until 1941, when the building is understood to have been commandeered by United States military authorities.</p><br>
<p>Although the building was returned to the Church in 1945, the school was not re-opened and the Sisters never returned. Another cyclone damaged the building in 1949 and by 1969 it was considered to be in such a ruinous state that tenders for its demolition were called. Following public protest the building was donated to the National Trust of Queensland on condition that it be restored to house the collection of the James Cook Historical Museum at Cooktown. The new Museum was opened on 22 April 1970 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, during her visit to Australia to celebrate the bi-centenary of Cooks charting of the east coast. The former St Marys Convent and School continues to be maintained by the National Trust, and is one of the principal tourist attractions in Cooktown. In the early 1970s, extensions were made to the rear of the building to house the museum collection. The grounds have been landscaped as the Joseph Banks Memorial Garden, planted with about 40 of the 186 plants catalogued by Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander during their 7-week stay at the Endeavour River in 1770. Each of these 40 plants is peculiar to the Cooktown area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former St Mary&#39;s Convent is sited on a hill overlooking the Endeavour River. It is constructed in red brick in a Victorian Gothic style. It has an "L" shaped floor plan with a bay projecting to the west on its northern end. Brick cornices surround the building below the ground and first floor window levels and at first floor level.</p><br>
<p>The roof has a steep pitch and is now clad in corrugated iron replacing the original ribbed pan. The roof finishes as a gable over the western bay and as a truncated hipped form at the southern end. The original decorative ridge cast iron work and roof vents have been removed from the truncated section of roof. Later dormer windows have been installed with four along the east elevation, one on north side and two on the west elevation.</p><br>
<p>There are verandahs on the east and west elevation. The west or front verandah is supported on paired cast iron Corinthian columns which divide it into five bays. Each bay is finished with arching decorative cast iron brackets. The paired columns at first floor level rise in Doric detailing to support the verandah roof. The rear or eastern verandah is infilled but retains its original detailing of single columns cast iron first floor balustrade and deep vertical timbered valance at ground floor level.</p><br>
<p>The former single-storeyed hipped roof brick kitchen building remains to the rear on the north side; additions have been made adjacent to this to service the museum.</p><br>
<p>On the western bay there are three centrally positioned long narrow windows at ground and first floor levels, and above these a round vent with hood mould. On the north elevation there are sets of four double hung timber windows symmetrically positioned at the ground and first floor levels, these have window hoods with scalloped fascias.</p><br>
<p>The central timber doorway with side lights is accessed via a set of stone stairs from the western verandah. This doorway is flanked on each side by double hung windows with shallow arched heads and hood moulds over.</p><br>
<p>The apex of the western gable roof has cast iron panels fixed between a collar tie supported by decorative timber brackets and a king post running up to the roof and supporting a cross.</p><br>
<p>The central hall contains a fine timber staircase. Rooms of various dimension run off central corridors at ground and first floor levels. The rooms in the northern end of the building provide large museum display space. Walls are plaster over brick and ceilings lath and plaster with moulded decorative cornices.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>James Cook Historical Museum was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former St Marys Convent and School, erected 1888-89, is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history, in particular the dramatic rise and fall of Cooktown as a port, supply and administrative centre to the Palmer River goldfields in the last quarter of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Its construction evidences the buoyant Cooktown economy of the late 1880s and survives as a highly evocative illustration of late 19th century confidence in the future of Cooktown as the principal port and town of far North Queensland. Construction of the convent and school also demonstrates the importance attached by the colonising culture to establishing (religious) education, considered a "civilising" influence in remote districts of Queensland during the frontier phase of our history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is significant for its rarity value: few late 19th century buildings of this substance and decorative detail were erected in centres as remote as Cooktown, accessible only by sea in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former convent and school is an excellent, highly intact example of a substantial, 1880s boom era brick institutional building with decorative detailing, designed to accommodate the tropical Cooktown climate and to cater for both convent and school purposes.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is well maintained, retains its aesthetic appeal, and makes a significant contribution to the Cooktown townscape. Situated prominently on the ridge running south from Grassy Hill, the place is visible from the sea approach to the town, and has been considered a Cooktown landmark since its construction in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association for the people of Cooktown and district with the towns earlier prominence in Queenslands history. This was evidenced by the public outcry in the late 1960s when the Catholic Church called for the place to be demolished. As the James Cook Historical Museum, the place has become a major Cooktown tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has significant associations with the work of the Augustinian fathers, in particular Bishops Hutchinson and Murray, and the Sisters of Mercy, in the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and with the American military during the Second World War. Since 1970, it has had an important and close connection with the James Cook Historical Museum collection. The Joseph Banks Memorial Garden was established in the grounds of the former convent as a memorial to the work of botanist Joseph Banks and Dr Solander during their 7-week encampment at the Endeavour River in 1770.</p><br>
<p>The Perkins House in Dekalb, Mississippi is a historic structure listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 for its architectural significance as a mid-nineteenth century example of a vernacular middle-class farmhouse as well as the artistic significance of the ornamental painting displayed throughout the interior of the house. The Perkins House was originally built around 1870, and the artwork was added in the 1890s. The house was originally located on Murphy Hardy Rd, northwest of its junction with Mississippi Highway 493 but was moved to its current location on Townsend Road in 2012 after being purchased by new owners.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The exact construction date of the Perkins House is unknown, but the house probably dates from around 1870. The house&#39;s architecture is similar in style to many of the I-houses common in eastern Mississippi but is smaller than other more extravagant structures. As such, the house is reminiscent of the life of a typical modest-income late-nineteenth-century farmer in this region. The house was owned by a family known as the Dees before being purchased some time around the turn of the century by Burel Wilson (Wilse) and Sarah Elizabeth (Sally) Darnel Perkins. Wilse and Sally Perkins lived in the house until their deaths, upon which their son Sheldon Perkins and his wife Beatrice Perkins Koostra inherited the property, remaining there until the 1940s. The house was inhabited by George Cole from 1955 until 1991, after which time the house was abandoned. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 and was later sold and moved from its original location in 2012 to its current location at 2709 Townsend Road. After the move, the Perkins House was relisted on the National Register in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>The Perkins House is significant as an example of a mid-nineteenth century vernacular farmhouse associated with a middle-class family in the rural area of eastern Mississippi during this period. Though very similar in style to an I-house, a popular style in the region during this era, the floor plan deviates from the I-house standard in several features, most obviously the absence of an inhabitable second floor. The first floor layout consists of two 15 ft by 17 ft rooms divided by a central passageway. Shed style porches run the entire length of the front and rear facades and contain cabinet rooms in each corner. The centers of each of the porches are loggias; the rear one was originally open, but was closed in some time after 1994. The southwest cabinet room has an entrance from the front loggia but no entrance into the interior of the house while the northwest cabinet room opens into the northern main room but has no entrance from the loggia. The southeast cabinet room is a kitchen, and the northeast cabinet room is a bathroom which was originally open only to the northern main room but a second door was added into the rear loggia some time after 1994, possibly when the rear loggia was enclosed. Atop the first floor lies a small attic which was originally inaccessible, but a ship&#39;s ladder was installed after 2012 to provide access.</p><br>
<p>Each of the main rooms has two nine over six double-hung sash windows flanking a central chimney stack (each of which were rebuilt using original material after the move in 2012), and each of the cabinet rooms has a single double-hung nine over six window. Original hardware for shutters is still present on the exterior of the windows. The northern and southern sides of the building also each feature two fixed six-pane windows in the attic. Before the rear loggia was enclosed, both external doors were flanked by sidelights; when the rear was enclosed, the door was moved to the new rear entrance, but the sidelights were left intact. The exterior wall of the enclosed loggia contains 4 four over four double-hung sash windows which break the original symmetry of the facade. The front door and most of the interior doors contain four recessed panels, the door between the northern main room and the bathroom has five panels, and the door from the bathroom to the enclosed rear loggia is a modern six-panel door. The rear door present at the back of the central passageway when the house was listed on the National Register in 1994 did not include any panels and was likely not original. The current rear door of the enclosed loggia has four panels.</p><br>
<h3>Interior artwork</h3><br>
<p>The flooring and interior walls and ceilings are all constructed out of plain pine wood. Each of the fireplaces in the main rooms is topped by a wooden mantel adorned with ogee curves and flanked by wooden pilasters. A defining feature of the interior is the decorative paintings on many walls and ceilings of the two main rooms of the house. The southern room includes a twisted rope pattern as an artificial picture rail and a wainscot along the lower portion of the walls. The ceiling features a large square with a central circle of a different color. A rosette design surrounds a central lighting fixture, and tendrils emanate from the rosette about halfway to the edge of the circle. Tendrils also appear at each of the four corners of the square. A similar design is found in the northern room, with a central rosette and wainscoting.</p><br>
<p>The interior artwork is similar to that found in several other houses in the original location of the Perkins House, most notably the Oliver House in Moscow, Mississippi, also listed on the National Register in 1985. Other houses in that area which feature artwork similar to the Perkins House are the Shotts House and the now non-extant Cole House, the artwork of which is preserved in the Old Capitol Museum in Jackson, Mississippi. The close proximity and similar design of all of these pieces suggests they were the work of a single artist, and local wisdom attributes them all to a "Mr. Mayer", a German artist that passed through the area in the 1890s. No evidence is present of a larger collection of interior artwork anywhere in the state of Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>Ligonier Historic District is a national historic district located at Ligonier, Noble County, Indiana. The district encompasses 253 contributing buildings and 2 contributing objects in Ligonier. It developed between about 1835 and 1937, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, Gothic Revival, Classical Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Ahavas Shalom Reform Temple and Jacob Straus House. Other notable buildings include the Dr. Enos Fenton Residence , Silas Shobe Residence , Eli Gerber Residence , Oscar Parks Residence , Solomon Mier Residence , Simon Schloss Residence , Gentry Hotel , Straus Brothers Block , Zimmerman Block , former Universalist Church , Firs Presbyterian Church , Ligonier Public Library , Ligonier City Building , USA Post Office , Lyon and Greenleaf Flour Mill , and former Mier Carriage Factory .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Cromwell Historic District is a national historic district located at Cromwell, Noble County, Indiana. The district encompasses 33 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Cromwell. It developed between about 1875 and 1953, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, Classical Revival, Tudor Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Edwin Kline-DeMotte House , Forrest Henney/Henney Funeral Home , Hussey House , Kline Building-Maccabee Hall , Sparta State Bank , Smith’s Hall/Knights of Pythias Hall , Pret Lung Meat Market , Calvary Lutheran  Church , and Biddle’s Bakery .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Irruputuncu is a volcano in the commune of Pica, Tamarugal Province, Tarapacá Region, Chile, as well as San Pedro de Quemes Municipality, Nor Lípez Province, Potosí Department, Bolivia. The mountain&#39;s summit is 5,163 m high and has two summit craters—the southernmost 200 m-wide one has active fumaroles. The volcano also features lava flows, block-and-ash flows and several lava domes. The volcano is part of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone .</p><br>
<p>The volcano has been active during the Pleistocene and Holocene, with major eruptions occurring 258.2 ± 48.8 ka ago, between 55.9 ka and 140 ka ago and 1570 ± 900 BP (380 ± 900 AD), which were accompanied by the formation of ignimbrites. Historical volcanic activity is less clear; an eruption in 1989 is considered unconfirmed. Plumes linked to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity were observed on 26 November 1995 and 1 September 2003. Seismic activity is also observed on Irruputuncu, and ongoing fumarolic activity releasing abbr=on 21 of has left sulfur deposits in the active crater.</p><br>
<p>The Central Volcanic Zone is thinly inhabited and most volcanoes are not under reconnaissance, but Irruputuncu is watched by the Chilean SERNAGEOMIN geologic service. The possibility of geothermal energy production from the volcano has been examined.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology and alternative names</h2><br>
<p>The name Irruputuncu derives from Aymara iru spiny Peruvian feather grass and phutunqu a small vessel or a hole, pit, crater. Alternative names are Irruputunco and Iruputuncu.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<h3>Regional setting</h3><br>
<p>The subduction of the Nazca plate and the Antarctic plate beneath the western side of South America has generated a belt of volcanic activity named the Andean Volcanic Belt. The belt is separated in a number of volcanic zones by segments lacking recent volcanic activity; in these segments, shallow subduction of the plates presumably displaces the asthenosphere away from these segments. The segments with active volcanism are the Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ), the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) and the Austral Volcanic Zone (AVZ). The "Volcanoes of the World" catalogue counts about 575 eruptions in the entire volcanic belt.</p><br>
<p>Volcanic activity in the belt is usually linked to the dehydration of the subducting slabs, which causes water and other subducted components to be added to the overlying mantle. In the case of the CVZ, this addition generates magmas that are further modified by the thick crust in the area, forming andesites, dacites and rhyolites.</p><br>
<h3>Local setting</h3><br>
<p>Volcanism in the CVZ is linked to the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South America plate. This subduction within the past 27.5 mya has triggered a thickening of the crust and orogeny. Approximately 44 volcanic centres that are either active or potentially active are found in the CVZ. Some centres are fumarolically active; these include Alitar, Lastarria and Tacora. Irruputuncu and other volcanoes including Guallatiri, Isluga, Lascar and San Pedro have displayed phreatic or magmatic-phreatic activity. The arid climate of the area has led to good preservation of volcanic structures.</p><br>
<p>A small gap about 100 km wide, which is known as the "Pica gap" but includes the Pliocene-Pleistocene Alto Toroni volcano that features vigorous seismic activity, separates Irruputuncu from Isluga in the north. Irruputuncu is part of an elliptical alignment of volcanoes that extends to the east, which may be linked to a cup-shaped intrusion in the crust. Older Pliocene volcanoes around Irruputuncu are Laguna volcano to the northeast and Bofedal to the southeast. Irruputuncu lies at the end of a chain of volcanoes that trends northeastward away from it.</p><br>
<p>The volcanic complex sits on top of ignimbrite layers, the Miocene Ujina and Pleistocene Pastillos Ignimbrites. These ignimbrites are 150 m and 20 - thick, the former is a welded ignimbrite that was erupted 9.3 ± 0.4 mya and the latter in two stages 0.79 ± 0.2 - 0.73 ± 0.16 mya and 0.32 ± 0.25 mya. In terms of composition, the Ujina is pink-grey crystals and pumice and the Pastillos a gray-white pumice forming the lower member and the upper member of the Pastillos contains cinerites with accessory claystones, siltstones and diatomites. Further volcanic rocks beneath Irruputuncu are hydrothermally altered dacites that may be part of an older now deeply eroded edifice.</p><br>
<p>Irruputuncu is a relatively small, 5,163 m high volcano, which covers a surface area of 23.861 km&sup2; with a volume of 4 km3 and has two summit craters, of which the 200 m-wide southwestern one is fumarolically active. Crater II, the youngest crater, is surrounded by the Crater lava flows that form lava domes and seven short lava flows 0.54 – long, 68 – thick and with a total volume of 0.042 km3 emitted from it. They have weakly developed ogives and there is no evidence of glacial activity anywhere on the volcano. The current edifice is constructed within a collapsed amphitheater of an older edifice. Overall, the volcano has a pristine morphology. Block-and-ash flows and thick lava flows of high viscosity form the stratocone. A rhyolitic ignimbrite is found southwest of the volcano. The oldest lava flows on the northern and eastern side of the volcano were erupted from a northeastern crater named Crater I and are 35 - thick with erosional features and preserved ogives. They have a volume of around 0.097 km3.</p><br>
<p>The younger flows are known as Queñoas lava flows; they form six distinct flows on the western sides of the volcano. They have different appearances depending on the side; the northwestern flows form lateral lava levees and ogives and reach thicknesses of 117 - while the other flows have lobate structures with thicknesses of abbr=on 23. These thicknesses may be the result of high-viscosity magma and/or low eruption rates. A major block-and-ash deposit with the volume of abbr=on 0.023 covers a surface area of abbr=on 11.333; it was highly mobile considering the distances it reached from the volcano on all three sides of the younger crater. It contains large blocks and has long flow ridges. A second block-and ash flow formed by the collapse of lava domes covers abbr=on 0.801. Its blocks are somewhat smaller and its ridges are poorly developed. Fissure eruptions have generated large lava flows from the flanks. The El Pozo ignimbrite covers a surface area of abbr=on 0.02 northwest of the volcano with a thickness of abbr=on 50, an approximate volume of abbr=on 0.001 and is probably linked to Irruputuncu, in which case it would be the volcano&#39;s oldest unit.</p><br>
<p>Irruputuncu underwent a flank collapse that subdivides the volcano into two edifices, the older Irruputuncu I and the younger Irruputuncu II, about 140 ± 40 ka ago. This flank collapse extends abbr=on 6.3 southwest from the older crater I and is about abbr=on 10 thick. It was formed by the collapse of the southwestern flank and forms three distinct units formed by hummock-forming lava blocks and flow ridges up to abbr=on 1 long. Each stage is associated with an individual crater named Crater I and Crater II. The flank collapse was probably produced by oversteepening of the volcano or by asymmetric growth. Subsequent activity of the volcano has completely filled the scarp. The lack of ground deformation during eruptive activity suggests the magma chamber of Irruputuncu may be more than abbr=on 7 deep, which may be linked to the thickness of the crust beneath the Central Andes, ranging abbr=on 50.</p><br>
<p>Irruputuncu displays vigorous fumarolic activity that occupies about half the summit crater and is visible within several abbr=on 10. The abbr=on 200 high fumaroles have temperatures of abbr=on 83 and are composed mainly by sulfur dioxide, followed by minor amounts of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, methane, nitrogen and oxygen. In addition, argon, carbon monoxide, helium, hydrogen and sulfur are found. The temperatures of the fumaroles are comparable with or exceed the boiling point at such altitudes. ASTER imagery indicates Irruputuncu&#39;s fumarole field has a small surface area with high temperatures. Total sulfur dioxide flux from the volcano is between abbr=on 21. The fumarolic activity has left sulfur deposits on the volcano. Sulfur deposits are found in the youngest crater in an area of about abbr=on 0.011, and also form small sulfur flows with pahoehoe-type morphology. Deposits are generally yellow but close to the fumaroles they display different colours depending on their temperatures. Gravel and eolian deposits form sedimentary units around the volcano.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Irruputuncus rocks consist of andesite- and dacite-containing hornblende and pyroxene. The El Pozo ignimbrite is pumice-rich and has a composition between trachyandesite and trachydacite. Minerals amphibole, biotite, hornblende, quartz and plagioclase comprise the rocks. The Irruputuncu I lava flows are composed of trachyandesitic with biotite and plagioclase, while the Queñoas are composed of andesite and trachyandesite. The block-and-ash flows and Crater lavas consist of solely trachyandesitic. Overall, these rocks belong to the potassium-rich calc-alkaline series typical of CVZ volcanoes. The magmas are formed by plagioclase and clinopyroxene crystallization with some mixing. Irruputuncus rocks show minor evidence of crustal contamination, similar to other CVZ volcanoes located within transition zones.</p><br>
<p>Water is the most important component in the volcano&#39;s fumarolic gases, comprising 96.05% to 97.95% by volume. Examinations of deuterium and oxygen-18 content of the water have determined that like the water of fumaroles in other Andean volcanic centres, Irruputuncu water is a mixture of weather-related water and water contained in andesite. The helium isotope ratios indicate the magmatic component dominates the gasses at Irruputuncu, Much of the carbon dioxide comes from subducted and crustal carbonates. The gases escape from oxidizing magma at abbr=on 491 and pass through a weakly developed hydrothermal system with temperatures of abbr=on 340. Argon isotope ratios appear to be radiogenic.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>The oldest rocks at Irruputuncu are lavas that have been dated by potassium-argon dating to 10.8 ± 0.6 mya. The oldest component clearly belonging to the volcano is the El Pozo ignimbrite that was erupted 258.2 ± 48.8 ka, forming a multi-layered ignimbrite that was probably generated by the injection of new, hot magma into older, cooler magma. A lava dome on the upper flank on the western side of the volcano is 0.14 ± 0.04 mya old. The block-and-ash flow between 55.9 ka and 140 ka old, but has not been pecisely dated. The Crater lavas are 55.9 ± 26.8 ka old. The block-and-ash flow on the southwestern flank was formed 1570 ± 900 years BP.</p><br>
<p>Historical activity of Irruputuncu is unclear. An unconfirmed eruption was reported in Bolivia in December 1989 and fumarolic activity in the crater was reported on 25 March 1990. Eruption plumes on Irruputuncu, which reached an altitude of abbr=on 1000 and dispersed to the east, probably triggered by phreatomagmatic activity, were seen on 26 November 1995. The plume&#39;s colour changed between black and white repeatedly. Another plume was observed on 1 September 2003; neither of these incidents were accompanied with noticeable ground deformation. Like some other volcanoes in the area, activity at Irruputuncu has not been preceded by ground inflation during historical times. Several theories, including aliasing of the imagery, have been proposed to explain the lack of ground inflation.</p><br>
<p>Ongoing seismic activity at a rate of about 56 earthquakes per 10 days recorded in two separate phases, November 2005-March 2006 and April 2010-February 2011 respectively and including one seismic swarm during the first measurement period, has been recorded at Irruputuncu. Some of this activity may be caused by mine blasts from nearby mining projects. Geothermal anomalies of about abbr=on 9 have been noted, including hot springs west and northwest of the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Threats and geothermal prospecting</h2><br>
<p>With the exception of Peruvian volcanoes such as Misti, most of the volcanoes of the CVZ are in remote areas and are not closely watched. Irruputuncu is a remote volcano; a road between Iquique and the Collahuasi mine is the main infrastructure that could be affected by future activity. In Chile, Irruputuncu is surveilled by SERNAGEOMIN, which produces regular status reports.</p><br>
<p>Irruputuncu has been examined as a potential location for a geothermal energy project involving a company named Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi. A geothermal prospect made at the base of Irruputuncu indicated the presence of water at temperatures of up to abbr=on 220 in a deep reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The Alvin O. Lombard House is a historic house at 65 Elm Street in Waterville, Maine. Built in 1908, it is a distinctive local example of late Shingle style architecture. It is further notable as the home of inventor Alvin O. Lombard, who developed the Lombard Steam Log Hauler, an early commercial use of track-propelled vehicles. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Alvin O. Lombard House is in downtown Waterville, on the east side of Elm Street just south of the public library, in an increasingly commercial area. It is a rambling 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gambrel roof, shingled exterior, and stone foundation. Its front facade, facing west, is dominated by a projecting gabled section, which features a recessed porch flanked by polygonal windows bays, and a three-window recess in the upper part of the gable. A single-story porch extends across the front, and sweeps around to the side without a covering roof. A two-story carriage house of similar styling is attached to the northeastern corner; it has a square cupola at the top of its gambrel roof. The interior retains significant original decorative elements, despite its 1940s alteration into a multiunit residence.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1908; its architect is not known. It was built for Alvin O. Lombard, a Waterville native, who lived there for the last third of his life. Lombard is credited with developing an early version of caterpillar tracks, a vehicular propulsion mechanism that eventually saw broad application in a variety of application, most notably in military vehicles and earthmoving equipment. The Lombard Steam Log Hauler was Lombard&#39;s effort to capitalize on this invention. He also patented a turbine water wheel control mechanism.</p><br>
<p>Orleans Historic District is a national historic district located at Orleans, Orange County, Indiana. The district encompasses 163 contributing buildings, 4 contributing sites, and 10 contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Orleans. It developed between about 1837 and 1958, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, Second Empire, Gothic Revival, Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, Tudor Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Cornelius-Osborn Building , Magner-Lindsey Hotel , Roberts Building / Herle&#39;s Restaurant , Presbyterian Church , Methodist Episcopal Church , Bowles Building , Hollowell Brothers Building , Orleans Public Library , and Ashland Service Station .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Paoli Historic District is a national historic district located at Paoli, Orange County, Indiana. The district encompasses 144 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, 4 contributing structures, and 4 contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Paoli. It developed between about 1840 and 1940, and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, and Queen Anne style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Thomas Newby Braxtan House and Orange County Courthouse. Other notable contributing resources include Lithia Springs Park, Dr. J.H. Sherrod House , Gabbert House , Lithia Water Bottling Plant , Orange County Jail , USA Post Office , Presbyterian Church , Methodist Episcopal Church , Braxtan Store , Riley Building , Paoli State Bank , and Thomas Volney Thornton House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Gosport Historic District is a national historic district located at Gosport, Owen County, Indiana. The district encompasses 40 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, 4 contributing structures, and 4 contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Gosport. It developed between about 1835 and 1952, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Classical Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Dr. H.G. Osgood House. Other notable contributing resources include the Bank of Gosport , Gosport Banking Company , Graham Building , Knights of Pythias Building / Opera House , Gosport Town Park , Gosport Tavern , Gosport Masonic Lodge No. 92 , and the Nazarene Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Harlan Courthouse Square Commercial District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Harlan, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. At the time of its nomination the district consisted of 54 resources, including 38 contributing buildings, one contributing site, one contributing object, 13 noncontributing buildings, and one noncontributing object. Cross-shaped in plan, the historic district covers most of the citys central business district in the original town plat. Most of the buildings are two-story, brick, commercial buildings. Commercial Italianate and Queen Anne styles are dominant. The Shelby County Courthouse  is a stone Richardsonian Romanesque structure. The courthouse square block and the four surrounding half blocks and rear alleys constitute the contributing site. The Soldiers Monument on the square is the contributing object, and the POW/MIA Monument is the noncontributing object because of its more recent construction.</p><br>
<p>The Bowers Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge, carrying Bible Hill Road across Mill Brook in West Windsor, Vermont. Built in 1919, it has a laminated-arch deck covered by a post-and-beam superstructure, similar to Bests Covered Bridge, Windsors other historic covered bridge. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It was rebuilt after being swept off its foundation in 2011 by Hurricane Irene, but has been damaged by vehicle strikes several times since then, and is being considered for closure.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bowers Covered Bridge is located in southern West Windsor, carrying Bible Hill Road across Mill Brook between Vermont Route 44 and Harrington and Westgate Roads. The bridge is 45 ft long and 15 ft wide, with a roadway width of 12.5 ft (one lane). The bridge is a single span laminated arch structure resting on unmortared stone abutments, and covered by a post-and-beam shed. Its sides are finished in vertical board siding, and its roof is corrugated metal. Wooden floor stringers are supported by iron rods and wooden posts attached to the arches.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1919. It is one of two bridges in the town, and only one of three known in the state to use this type of laminated arch construction. The bridge was swept off its abutments by Hurricane Irene 2011, but rebuilt and reopened in 2012. It has since been struck several times by larger vehicles, resulting in structural damage. As of April 2016, the town is considering closing the bridge to traffic.</p><br>
<p>The Shelby Consolidated School, also known as Shelby-Tenant Community School, is a historic building located in Shelby, Iowa, United States. The first school in Shelby was organized in 1870. In 1919 the Consolidated Independent School District of Shelby was created from eight school districts. This building replaced an 1899 structure on the same site. It was designed by the Omaha architectural firm of John Latenser & Sons. It was either designed by, or heavily influenced by, John Latenser Sr. The brick, three-story, U-shaped Neoclassical-inspired structure is typical of the many "school buildings that made Latenser a highly respected name in school architecture in the early twentieth century." It is also the only known extant building designed by the firm in Western Iowa. The facility is a fine example of consolidated school design that state officials, prominent school architects, and education professionals advocated for at the time it was built. A new gymnasium was added in 1975. The Shelby-Tenant Community School District was discontinued in 2004, and this building was left vacant. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014, and converted into an apartment building called the Cardinal Lofts.</p><br>
<p>Aqaba Church is a historic 3rd-century church located in Aqaba, Jordan. It was unearthed in 1998 by a group of archaeologists and is considered to be the world&#39;s oldest-known purpose-built Christian church. Its first phase was dated between 293 and 303, which makes it older than the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, both of which were built in the late 320s.</p><br>
<p>Its peripheral location within the Roman Empire is likely to have saved it from destruction during the Great Persecution that broke out just a few years after the church&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and identification as a church</h2><br>
<p>The site was discovered in the Jordanian coastal city of Aqaba in June 1998 by a group of archaeologists who soon started unearthing the ruins. The archaeologists soon realized the uniqueness of the church by its architectural style, which refuted the perception among historians that the earliest churches in Jordan all dated from the late 4th century. Older churches discovered in other parts of the world were not originally used as such, a famous case being the 3rd-century house church at Dura-Europos.</p><br>
<p>North Carolina State University archaeologist S. Thomas Parker, who led the excavations, identified the building as a church based on its basilical form, eastward orientation, and some specific finds such as glass lamps. One tomb from the adjacent cemetery contained parts of a bronze cross, which would indicate that it belonged to a Christian. It is documented that in 325, at the First Council of Nicaea, a bishop of Aila was among the participants. Aila is the Roman and Byzantine name of Aqaba, and the existence of a bishop indicates that Aila had a substantial Christian population by that time. Slightly more recent but similarly built mud-brick churches are known from Egypt.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Aqaba church was built sometime in the late third or the beginning of the fourth century, as indicated by the pottery finds from its foundations. Sometime between the end of Diocletian&#39;s persecution wave and the year 330, the church was refurbished and stayed in use until its destruction during the catastrophic earthquake of 363. Its demise is dated on the base of the latest coins found there by archaeologist, which are from 337-361. Once abandoned, the ruined building was soon filled by wind-blown sand, which helped preserve its walls to a remarkable height.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building had the shape of a large three-aisled basilica, with a narthex, and oriented on an east-west axis. It measured 85 ft by 53 ft, was built of mud-brick over stone foundations, with probably vaulted nave and aisles, and arched doorways. Remains of a staircase suggest that it had a second storey. The nave ended in a chancel area followed by a rectangular apse.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists discovered walls up to 4.5 m high, the foundations of a chancel screen, a collection box with coins, fragments of glass-made oil lamps, and a cemetery with 24 skeletons immediately adjacent to the church.</p><br>
<p>The church initially accommodated approximately 60 worshippers, and was expanded after the Diocletianic Persecution to accommodate up to 100 worshippers.</p><br>
<p>Gallop Botanic Reserve, incorporating Cooktown Botanic Gardens, is a heritage-listed botanic garden at Finch Bay Road, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1878 to 1980s. It is also known as Cooktown Botanic Gardens & Recreation Reserve and Queens&#39; Park Gardens & Recreation Reserve. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 October 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cooktown Botanic Gardens and Recreation Reserve, an area of 154 acres southeast of Cooktown between the town and Finchs Bay, was surveyed and proclaimed in 1878, less than 5 years after the establishment of Cooktown in October 1873 as the Endeavour River port to the Palmer Goldfields. In the period 1878-1917 the Cooktown Municipal Council established a formal botanical garden and recreational playing fields on a small part of the reserve closest to town. Apart from improving an existing dray road to the ocean and establishing walking tracks, the bulk of the reserve remained largely undeveloped. From the mid-1880s to the early 1900s, when Cooktown boomed as a goldrush town, the formal botanical gardens flourished; as output from the Palmer declined and Cooktowns fortunes fell in the early 20th century, funding to maintain the botanical gardens diminished, and they were closed to the public in 1917. With the late 20th century emergence of Cooktown tourism, the gardens were re-established as an important historical attraction.</p><br>
<p>The movement to establish botanical and recreational reserves in Queenslands larger 19th century towns and cities reflected contemporary thinking about the importance of providing adequate public recreational facilities. The working and middle classes controlling local government in Queenslands urban centres regularly petitioned the colonial government for the provision of public open spaces in the form of recreational reserves and botanical gardens. The establishment of these reserves also reflected an enormous public interest, formerly the preserve of governments and wealthy private individuals (such as English botanist Joseph Banks), in experimenting with the commercial and scientific values of exotic trees and plants and indigenous Australian flora.</p><br>
<p>Queensland&#39;s botanic gardens initially were the responsibility of the Lands Department, which allocated annual grants to trustees but did little to encourage botanical experimentation. In 1889 responsibility was transferred to the newly created Department of Agriculture and Stock, which through a subsidy system allocated in proportion to local subscription, encouraged greater experimentation with exotic plant species for commercial and scientific purposes. The new Department worked closely with the privately-supported Queensland Acclimatisation Society (based in Brisbane), and established the Kamerunga State Nursery near Cairns in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Moves within Cooktown to establish a botanical gardens were underway from at least October 1876, when the Cooktown Municipal Council resolved to apply to the Queensland Colonial Government for land between the town and Finch&#39;s Bay (already a popular recreational venue) for the purpose of a water reserve, recreation ground and botanical garden. Sections of this were already occupied by Chinese market gardeners, who were also logging the area for timber to produce charcoal. The area also had historical connections with the work of naturalists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, members of the 1770 exploratory voyage of the HMS Endeavour, under the command of Lieutenant James Cook, along the east coast of Australia. During a 7-week stay in the vicinity of Cooktown in 1770, while repairs were made to the Endeavour, Banks and Solander collected the most comprehensive natural history collection of the entire east coast voyage.</p><br>
<p>In June 1877 Cooktown Municipal Council received a government grant of £200 to assist in establishing the reserve (this became an annual grant), and appointed a Gardens Committee, but little was achieved until after the reserve was surveyed in May 1878. By July 1878 some fencing had been erected and in August–September 1878 the Council appointed a caretaker/gardener and offered £10 for a suitable plan of laying out a botanical gardens on a small section of the best land in the reserve (nearest the town). Surveyor Brittians plan, which included areas marked out for walks, was adopted. The existing dray road through the reserve to Finchs Bay was improved, and the Council appointed Trustees for the reserve in December 1878. During 1879 structural development was undertaken, including roadworks, fencing, drains, and the establishment of a nursery on the eastern side of the hill facing Finch&#39;s Bay, stocked with plants from the Brisbane Botanic Gardens. The Chinese still had a presence on the reserve at this stage, having agreed to pay rent to the Council.</p><br>
<p>Interest in the reserve appears to have waned in the early 1880s, and by 1886 there does not seem to have been a gardener or caretaker permanently employed. However, in the mid-1880s the Council recommenced development of the formal botanical gardens. In 1885-86 a botanist was employed to lay out a new nursery, an undated Council map indicating that this was established within the present border of the gardens. Early in 1886, trees and shrubs were ordered from the Queensland Acclimatisation Society in Brisbane, and a contractor was employed to dig over the gardens. A full-time gardener was employed from September 1888. Along with the renewed interest in the formal gardens, development of the recreation reserve as a sporting facility was resumed, the playing field being upgraded and a concrete cricket pitch laid in 1888.</p><br>
<p>Activity in the formal botanical gardens peaked in the first half of the 1890s. A well was sunk in 1890 and a pump, tank and pipe reticulation installed. A second well was sunk at some later stage. In 1892 a gardeners cottage (removed in 1917) was erected on the reserve and occupied by Charles Watson, who held the position of caretaker/gardener from 1890 to 1902. By this period the formal botanical gardens had been enclosed with a paling fence and intensively developed with lawns, shrubs and garden beds. By early 1893, they were being referred to officially as Queens Park and Gardens - later the name came to represent the whole of the reserve. In the 1890s, stone-lined paths, stone-pitched pools and stone-work foot bridges were built along a creek descending from the hills behind Cherry Tree Bay, flower gardens flourished, a bush house was erected (1893) and a wide range of trees and shrubs of both decorative and economic value were planted in the gardens. Shade and street trees in the Cook Monument Park, and in Cooktown&#39;s main street, Charlotte Street, were supplied from the botanic gardens.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1890s, as Cooktowns population and wealth declined along with the decline in gold output from the Palmer River, the Trustees of the Queens Park Gardens and Recreation Reserve began to experience serious financial difficulties. Funding came partly from local subscription and donation, partly from annual government grants (paid in proportion to local subscription and donation), partly from an annual grant from the local Council, and partly from the sale of plants, fruit and flowers. Through the early years of the 20th century, the Trustees managed to maintain the gardens and recreation grounds to a reasonable standard, but little new work was undertaken. Vandalism and theft of trees from the larger reserve became increasingly problematic, and the cyclone of 19 January 1907 caused considerable damage to the botanical gardens, bushhouse and gardener&#39;s house. Several government subsidies enabled repairs to be undertaken 1907-1908. Despite continuing financial difficulties there was some renewal of activity in the gardens 1910-1912. A windmill was erected in the gardens in 1910, planting of specimen and shade trees continued, and a decorative fountain may have been installed.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, the Queensland government ceased giving subsidies to reserves for special improvements, although they still received the usual endowment of 7/6 in the pound on subscriptions and donations. This became a major concern to the Trustees of the Queens Park Gardens and Recreation Reserve. During 1915, the Cooktown Town Council began to pay its grant to Queens Park in small sums at irregular intervals - perhaps a response to the contingencies of the First World War, but more likely reflecting the general decline of Cooktown as a service and administrative centre and port. By January 1917, closure of the reserve was seen as unavoidable. Tenders were called for the lease of the cottage and gardens, or recreation reserve, or both, but none being received, action was taken to wind up the affairs of the Trustees. The gardeners cottage, bushhouse, windmill, garden stock and various implements were sold at auction and the Trustees accounts closed in June 1917. Cooktown Town Council retained trusteeship of the whole of the reserve, but the formal gardens and recreation grounds were not used again for public recreation until 1979. The quarrying of granite for street kerbing, from outcrops on the hill near Finchs Bay, probably dates to after 1917.</p><br>
<p>In December 1980 the Cook Shire Council resolved to restore the reserve, particularly the formal gardens. A 1982 report prepared by consultant Vince Winkel, emphasised the preservation of original plantings and indigenous flora, including: a mangrove forest, the strand plants on the beach front facing the sea, the strand plants of the land side of the sand dune, the swamp area immediately behind, the open forest on the hillsides, the heavier wooded open forest, and on the sporting field side where the old botanical gardens were, the riverine forest of tea trees along the creek.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 Cook Shire Council commenced reconstruction of the formal botanical gardens, comprising approximately 3.5 hectares, with the assistance of Commonwealth Employment Funding. The original gardens area was cleared and lawns established, stonework re-built and trees removed. A walking track was cleared to Finch&#39;s Bay along the old dray track, and another walking track continues from this track to Cherry Tree Bay. Playground equipment was placed in the southeastern corner of the recreation oval. On 19 December 1984, the whole of the reserve was officially re-opened as the Gallop Botanic Reserve, commemorating the contributions of Mr Rollo Darcy Gallop and his son, Mr Graham Darcy Gallop, Administrators of Cook Shire from July 1961 to March 1969 and April 1969 to June 1979 respectively. The Gallops were also civil engineers, practising as Gallop and Associates.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 Cook Shire Council commissioned a conservation report on the reserve, and in the early 1990s undertook a programme of reconstruction and conservation of the original layout of the botanical gardens. This included the re-instatement of above ground stone drains - mostly with the original stone but some realignment; repairs to the stonework of the crossings over the drainage system; and conversion of an early well to a pump house (with recent stonework).</p><br>
<p>The botanical gardens, now known as the Cooktown Botanic Gardens, are contained within the Gallop Botanic Reserve. These gardens have been expanded in the last 10 years with the establishment of an exotic plant section, a palmetum, a section of native plants, and a "Solander&#39;s Gardens", and are used extensively by tourists and locals for recreational and educational purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Gallop Botanic Reserve contains 62.3216 hectares and lies approximately 1.5 km from the centre of Cooktown. The reserve is bordered by the Coral Sea on the east, Alligator Creek to the east and south, Garden Street on the west, and vacant land designated Special Purpose - Community Facilities to the north.</p><br>
<p>The reserve incorporates: Cooktown Botanic Gardens; an early sports field and concrete cricket pitch; two granite quarries with evidence of hand-quarrying technology; walking tracks; and Finch&#39;s Bay Road.</p><br>
<p>Geographically, most of the reserve comprises high spurs of large granite boulders, bounded to the east by a granite headland with indigenous vegetation extending to the ocean and beaches at Finch&#39;s Bay and Cherry Tree Bay. A small creek on the reserve flows into Cherry Tree Bay.</p><br>
<p>Most of Gallop Botanical Reserve has open sclerophyll vegetation consisting of Melaleuca spp, Eucalypts spp (Bloodwood), Cooktown Ironwood and various grasses. The Cooktown Botanic Gardens, consisting of 3.5 hectares within the Gallop Botanic Reserve, is vegetated with similar species of native trees, but interspersed with the indigenous vegetation are formal lawned areas, stone pitched waterways and planted exotic species.</p><br>
<p>The gardens retain a number of elements of their late 19th century design, including garden terraces, dry-pitched granite rockpools, subsidiary covered stone-pitched drains, stone steps, wells, rock garden survivals and diverse archaeological elements. Some original plantings survived the period of neglect from 1917 to 1979, and at least 90 species originating from the early plantings as a botanical gardens have been identified.</p><br>
<p>Although adaptations to the formal gardens occurred in the 1980s, there is substantial physical evidence to suggest that the layout is broadly similar to that developed in the period 1878-1917. Large sections of the original, extensive, underground drainage system of stone-pitched channelling have yet to be investigated, and possibly further original stone-pitched waterways and garden beds may exist which have yet to be identified.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gallop Botanic Reserve, incorporating Cooktown Botanic Gardens was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 October 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Gallop Botanic Reserve, established in 1878 as the Cooktown Botanic Gardens and Recreation Reserve, is important in illustrating the pattern of Queenslands history. Its establishment reflected Cooktowns sudden emergence in the mid-1870s as the principal port of far north Queensland, and improvements made to the reserve in the last two decades of the 19th century illustrate sustained local and government confidence in Cooktown during this period. Through the early establishment of the Cooktown Botanic Gardens and Recreation Reserve, a substantial area of natural vegetation close to Cooktown has been preserved. This is particularly significant because of the association of Cooktown and its environs with the important work of naturalists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, who collected extensive plant specimens from the district in 1770.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Gallop Botanic Reserve is unique in Queensland, comprising not only a formal botanical garden, but also substantial natural forest and ocean frontage. Cooktown Botanic Gardens within Gallop Botanic Reserve are unique for the extent of covered and uncovered early stone-pitching surviving in the grounds, and their 19th layout is one of the most intact in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown Botanic Gardens within Gallop Botanic Reserve are significant for their potential to reveal further information about late 19th century public gardens location and design, and the social, economic and cultural function of such gardens in a pioneering community.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The formal botanical gardens within Gallop Botanic Reserve survive as important evidence of late 19th century public gardens design and planting. Although adaptations occurred in the 1980s, physical evidence suggests that the present layout is broadly similar to that developed in the period 1878-1917. The gardens retain a number of elements of their late 19th century design, including garden terraces, dry-pitched granite rockpools, subsidiary covered stone-pitched drains, stone steps, wells, rock garden survivals and diverse archaeological elements. Some original plantings survived the period of neglect from 1917 to 1979, and at least 90 species originating from the early plantings as a botanical gardens have been identified. Other surviving early elements of the wider reserve include the recreational oval, cricket pitch, and the route of the early dray track through the reserve to Finch&#39;s Bay, illustrating the important role of the reserve as a recreational facility since the earliest days of the establishment of Cooktown.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Gallop Botanic Reserve has considerable aesthetic value associated not only with the restored formal botanical gardens, but also with the geography of the place, including granite outcrops and a spectacular, unspoilt coastline.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Finch&#39;s Bay, part of which is contained within the Gallop Botanic Reserve, has had an important association with Cooktown residents for over 120 years as a place of recreation. The Cooktown Botanic Gardens has a special association for the local community with the establishment and development of their town in the last quarter of the 19th century. Since 1980, Cook Shire Council has invested in the restoration and re-development of the formal gardens and recreation grounds as an historical tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>Chinatown is a heritage-listed settlement at Herberton Road, Atherton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1880s to 1920s. It is also known as Cedar Camp. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This open area surrounding the Atherton Chinese Temple was the site of a Chinese settlement which was established in the mid 1880s. It grew to service Chinese tenant farmers in the Atherton area and peaked in importance in the early 1900s when there were over a hundred buildings on site. Its decline began after the first world war when Chinese-held agricultural leases were revoked in favour of returned servicemen and most Chinese left the area. By the late 1940s, virtually all buildings had been removed.</p><br>
<p>Atherton Chinatown was one of many Chinese settlements that sprang up in Australia during the nineteenth century. The Chinese began to arrive in large numbers following the first gold rushes of the 1850s. Most of them came from provinces in the south east of China where conditions were harsh. Almost all were male and many were poor, having borrowed the money for their fares from Chinese guilds. They hoped to make enough money to pay off their debt, to send money home to their families and to eventually return themselves with enough capital to secure their futures. For mutual support and to maintain contacts with their homeland, they lived and worked together, creating Chinatowns within, or on the fringes of, European settlements.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of gold on the Palmer River in 1873 led to an influx of miners to far north Queensland. Many of these were Chinese and by 1877 there were 17,000 Chinese on the Palmer River fields, vastly outnumbering the other diggers. Europeans felt threatened by their numbers, by their willingness to work for low recompense and because the Chinese maintained their own culture. Restrictions were placed on Chinese immigration and they were denied access to new mineral fields. Because of this, and as alluvial gold began to peter out on the Palmer field, the Chinese moved away and looked for other ways to earn money.</p><br>
<p>Tin was discovered on the Wild River in 1880 which gave impetus to the development of the Atherton Tablelands. This is an area of volcanic plateaux, set in the Great Dividing Range, which has a mild climate and fertile soil. It was originally heavily forested and a group of Chinese, working with European timbergetters, moved into the Atherton area in the early 1880s. They established a settlement called Cedar Camp across Piebald Creek from the Europeans and a short distance from the tiny settlement of Prior&#39;s Pocket. In August 1885, this area was surveyed, renamed Atherton and land sales began.</p><br>
<p>Queensland legislation prevented Chinese land ownership, but many of them entered into leasing arrangements with Europeans. The newly cleared land could not be ploughed, but was well suited to the hand cultivation methods favoured by the Chinese, who became successful farmers. They supplied the developing town of Herberton with fruit and vegetables and pioneering the growing of maize, which became an important commercial crop for the area. The rents which they paid the land owners also provided a valuable source of income during the difficult economic period of the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Atherton&#39;s Chinatown is on a lease originally granted to Frederick Loder in 1887 and which was transferred freehold to Edward Jasper Loder in 1890. By 1897, there were over 180 Chinese living on the site which developed as a short main street lined with small timber and iron shops and houses. At the height of its development, around 1909, commercial premises located here included corn merchants, food and general goods stores, a herbalist, two gambling dens and a place of entertainment which employed musicians. There was also a Tong society meeting hall and a temple. At the time, this was the social and commercial centre for over a thousand Chinese people who were living in the Atherton district.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty and the declaration of a republic in China caused divisions in the Chinatown society. The authority of the Tong, which acted as an administrative body, was undermined, gambling crept in and there were violent incidents. Some Chinese moved away at this point. There was also increasing local pressure to have the land reserved for European use as the mild climate was thought to be particularly suitable and the land was now ready for ploughing or for dairying. Following the First World War, leases farmed by Chinese were made over to soldier settlers and most of the Chinese moved south or to nearby coastal towns. During the 1920s many buildings were demolished or moved for reuse elsewhere. A handful of old men remained in the settlement until the late 1940s and the temple continued in intermittent use until the mid 1970s. The land on which Chinatown stood was purchased by a group of local Chinese families and was eventually purchased outright by the Fong On family, who had originally lived in the town. The National Trust of Queensland obtained a grant to carry out research on the site in 1975 and the temple was offered to them by the Fong On family in the following year to ensure its preservation. This donation was finalised in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 1991 John Fong On subdivided Lot 2 on RP740536 gifting the remained of Lot 2 to the National Trust of Queensland and seeling the newly created Lot 3 RP912545 to the Atherton Shire Council. This part of the site contains no buildings. Since the subdivision reports suggest that Lot 3 may contain archaeologically interesting material.</p><br>
<p>In the years since then the temple complex has been researched and conserved as a place museum. A number of research projects have also been carried out on the town site by the Material Culture Unit of the James Cook University. These included research and documentation of the settlement and temple by Latif Ibrahim in 1981, a 1986 project to map remaining surface relics and the original street, and excavations undertaken in 1991 and 1992. Although some damage has been done to the site by the casual digging of collectors in the late 1970s and early 1980s, it is believed that some areas remain undisturbed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site is approximately 4.5 hectares in area and is located on the gently sloping area to the south of Piebald Creek and to the east of the Herberton Road. The site comprises Lot 2 on RP897109 facing Herberton Atherton Road to the west and extending southward to form the northern and eastern boundaries of the Atherton Chinese Temple site. Lot 3 RP912545 faces Herberton Street and is site on the southern boundary of the temple site.</p><br>
<p>The location of the site appears to have been selected with the aid of geomancy as evidenced by its relationship to natural features such as the Herberton Range and the creek.</p><br>
<p>It is located on dark grey clay soils and the northern, low-lying portion is subject to inundation during wet seasons. Vegetation cover is mainly guinea grass, lantana and clumps of Japanese sunflowers. There are some eucalypts, tea-trees and grevillea and the area is dotted with mango trees introduced by the Chinese. The ground close to the temple is regularly cut to keep the grass low. Dense vegetative cover occurs over much of the site and may help to protect the extensive scatter of artefacts above ground. Evidence of occupation includes wells, buildings sites and possibly plantings.</p><br>
<p>Interpretative signs which mark key sites and illustrate aspects of life in Chinatown were erected by the National Trust in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Chinatown was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Chinatown, Atherton is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland history in that the Chinese were pioneers of agriculture in north Queensland and as such played an important role in the opening up of the Atherton area for settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a major Chinese settlement site in tropical Queensland and has never been built over. Such a concentrated site of Chinese occupation is rare in Australia making Chinatown an important archaeological site.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history by demonstrating the formation of, and life within, a large Chinese settlement in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Atherton State School Head Teachers Residence is a heritage-listed school residence at 42 Mable Street, Atherton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built by the Queensland Department of Public Works in 1913. It is also known as Atherton Provisional School, Enterprise House, and former Principals Residence. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Atherton State School Head Teachers Residence was built in 1913 to accommodate the large family of the schools head teacher at the time, Joseph Johnson. Its design was the product of the Queensland Department of Public Works under the leadership of notable architect Thomas Pye. Atherton is located in Far North Queensland about 50 km south-west of Cairns. It is one of the principal towns of the highland area known as the Atherton Tablelands, the main industries of which are agriculture, dairying and tourism. After the school was relocated in the mid-1980s, the land on which the residence and school buildings stand became a local government reserve and the site has been available for community purposes since 2009.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 tin was discovered at the site of Herberton, on the present day Atherton Tablelands, bringing Europeans into the area including a number of timber-getting teams seeking valuable cedar. They established small camps including one named Priors Pocket. In 1883 agricultural blocks were opened for selection in the area and requests were made for a survey of Priors Pocket to allow the establishment of a township. This was surveyed in 1885 and renamed Atherton. The first land sale took place on 23 February 1886, when 84 town lots were sold. Atherton was on the path of the railway being constructed from Cairns and by 1888 it was seen as a future terminus for agricultural produce and timber. The town developed rapidly and the need for a school was soon felt.</p><br>
<p>Colonial governments played an important role in the provision of formal education. In 1848 the New South Wales Government established National Schools. This was continued by the Queensland Government after the colony&#39;s separation in 1859. The Education Act 1860 established the Queensland Board of General Education and began to standardise curriculum, teacher training, and facilities. The Education Act 1875 provided a number of key initiatives for primary education; it was to be free, compulsory and secular. The Department of Public Instruction was established to administer the Act. This move standardised the provision of education and, despite difficulties, colonial educators achieved a remarkable feat in bringing basic literacy to most Queensland children by 1900.</p><br>
<p>The provision of schools to provide formal education to Queensland children was considered an essential step in the development of early communities; integral to the success of a town, the colony, and the nation. Land and construction labour was often donated by the local people and schools frequently became a major focus within the community as a place symbolising progress, for social interaction, and a source of pride. Also, the maintenance of schools frequently involved contributions of time and effort from teachers, parents, and pupils.</p><br>
<p>Provisional schools were introduced in 1869 to provide education to communities with small, scattered student populations and limited financial capacity, and were often constructed on rail lines or in mining areas. If there were between 15 and 30 pupils, and the community could provide a school building, the government would provide a teacher and equipment.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 a school committee was formed at Atherton and an application made for a provisional school to meet the needs of the growing community. The Committee raised £65 for the school, which was constructed as a simple two-room timber building and opened in 1891 on a site at the corner of Mabel and Vernon streets. The school suffered a setback in 1895 when the teacher resigned. It was closed, and the children sent to school at Carrington until a new teacher was appointed and the school reopened in 1896.</p><br>
<p>Although the progress of the railway took longer than initially expected, when it arrived at Atherton in 1903 it brought prosperity and more families to the township. By 1904 the Atherton Provisional School was the biggest in the state by a considerable margin, far exceeding the minimum numbers required for the establishment of a state school, and its status was upgraded. A new school building was completed next to the provisional school in 1906 and the old building was extended and adapted as a residence for the head teacher. The state school formally opened in 1906 with Richard Hooper as head teacher.</p><br>
<p>By this period, the Atherton Tablelands had become the main maize growing area in Far North Queensland and this was the chief agricultural pursuit around Atherton. Chinese tenant farmers dominated the industry, and a sizeable Chinatown developed. Although dairying in the Tablelands was not a significant industry until World War II, the industry showed some early promise with establishment of the Golden Grove Butter Factory built just north of Atherton in 1909. In 1913 it had 110 registered suppliers.</p><br>
<p>Atherton had 1186 residents when Joseph Johnson commenced as head teacher at the school in 1911, and moved into the old residence with his wife and seven children. One of his sons, Joseph Jacques Johnson, was also employed as a pupil teacher.</p><br>
<p>It soon became evident that the residence was inadequate for the Johnson family. In August 1911, Johnson wrote to the Under-secretary for Public Instruction complaining that it was too small and uncomfortable and its condition was so deteriorated that one of his sons had fallen through a floorboard. In September, the Works Department&#39;s Inspector of Works for the Northern District confirmed the poor state of the building and recommended a new residence be constructed. The following month, the family moved to a rented property and in 1912 the old residence was sold and removed from the site.</p><br>
<p>As in other Australian colonies, the Queensland Government developed standard plans for its school buildings, which helped to ensure consistency and economy. The standard designs were continually refined by government architects in response to changing needs and educational philosophy. Until the 1960s school buildings were predominantly timber-framed, taking advantage of the material&#39;s abundance in the state and the high number of builders skilled in its use. This also allowed for easy and economical construction and enabled the government to provide facilities in remote areas. Due to the standardisation of facilities, schools across the state were developed in distinctly similar ways and became complexes of typical components.</p><br>
<p>Design and construction of school buildings was the responsibility of the Department of Public Works from 1893. Its staff refined the Department of Public Instruction&#39;s existing practice of using standard plans and documentation to eliminate the expense of preparing site- specific documents for every school. In 1909, new standard designs for school residences were developed by the department in response to persistent criticism of the old designs by the School Inspectors. One inspector commented in 1904: "I believe this want of comfort in the matter of residences to be one of the causes why teachers are so reluctant to accept schools in the Western parts of the State". In order to make the residences more comfortable, the verandas were enlarged, and, in larger residences, a rear veranda was designed to be used for dining or as a sleep-out.</p><br>
<p>The design of the head teacher&#39;s residence at Atherton differed considerably from the standard designs. As well as being quite different in room layout, the ten-roomed timber and corrugated iron house was larger. It had four bedrooms, a sitting room and a dining room whereas the largest of the standard designs from the period could have up to four bedrooms but only by converting the sitting room to a bedroom. Why the house was made larger than normal may have simply been due to the size of the family it had to accommodate, or that it accommodated a pupil teacher as well as the head teacher. Nevertheless, its design was consistent with the resolve to improve the comfort of teacher residences that had motivated the development of the 1909 standard plans.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called for the new residence in March 1913 and the following month the £670 tender of H Boyle was accepted. Following its completion, the Johnson family moved in on 25 October 1913.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Public Works at the time of construction of the former residence was led by Alfred Barton Brady, the Queensland Government Architect. In 1912, the Works department had a team of 21 draftsmen and one draftswoman under the supervision of the highly competent Thomas Pye as Deputy Government Architect. During the early 20th century, this team produced a substantial body of high quality work including the Land Administration Building, the former Queensland Government Savings Bank (later the Family Services Building), the George Street additions to the former Government Printing Office, Block A of the Rockhampton Technical College (1914) and Windsor State School (1915 to 1916). Many of the finest public buildings in Queensland were designed at this time.</p><br>
<p>Of the school residences built between 1893 and 1914, 19 are extant, and of these, 16 were built to a standard design. After 1914, the standard designs changed and in the late 1920s two types were introduced that resembled the residence at Atherton in form and plan arrangement. The earlier standard residences (1893-1914) were low-set with simple hipped roofs, featuring a verandah along the front of the house with rooms stacked behind. To increase the capacity of these houses, a verandah was added at the rear. Later designs (those used after 1914) featured hip-and-gable roofs and were high-set. The overall form of the residence at Atherton and its plan arrangement are similar to the post-1914 types, but is low-set like the earlier types.</p><br>
<p>Johnson remained at the school until his death, aged 66, in the Atherton Hospital on 6 November 1930. Mr AJ Beck replaced him as head teacher in December that year (formerly of Dallarnil State School). The following year the Atherton State School became a Rural School and provided manual training and domestic science classes. A new head teacher, Mr Gilchrist, formerly of Silkwood State School, was appointed in 1934. The school continued to expand with the addition, in 1951, of the first wing of a new school building to accommodate a High Top. This was progressively expanded until 1963, even after the opening of the new state high school at its present site in 1959.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 a new State Primary School was opened and grades 5 to 7 moved to the new school site in Armstrong Street. In 1985 grades 1 to 4 followed them and the Mabel Street primary school was closed. The National Trust of Queensland entered the residence in its register in that year.</p><br>
<p>The land occupied by the school was gazetted as a reserve for Local Government purposes in 1988 and responsibility for the buildings passed to the Atherton Shire Council. The former head teacher&#39;s residence became Enterprise House in 1997 and accommodated various government offices including one for the Department of Primary Industries. A deed of grant of the land was made to the Tablelands Regional Council in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The former residence at Atherton remains substantially intact in 2013. It has been restumped with steel columns and the veranda on the north- eastern side of the house has been enclosed to make two rooms. A doorway from this enclosed veranda into the bedroom facing Mabel Street (north-west) was closed and a doorway into the former dining room moved towards the west. The former pantry was remodelled into a toilet and a nearby doorway into an adjacent bedroom closed. Access into this room is now provided via a new doorway directly into the kitchen, whose stove recess has been removed and replaced with a bank of windows looking over the rear yard. The former bathroom has been opened into the adjacent kitchen and the former washroom at the rear was partitioned to form a store and exit lobby. A ramp has replaced stairs leading off the rear of the south-western verandah.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Head Teacher&#39;s Residence is located next to the former Atherton State Primary School on part of a 2.515 hectare allotment (2NR7968) at the corner of Mabel and Vernon streets near to the centre of town. It is a single-storey, timber-framed and weatherboard-clad building set on steel, square-section posts supported on pad footings. It has a complex hipped roof with ventilated gablets and clad in corrugated metal sheeting.</p><br>
<p>In plan the building comprises a core of rooms with an L-shaped verandah on its south-west side, an enclosed verandah on its north- east side and a small wing projecting off the rear corner.</p><br>
<p>The north-western elevation to Mabel Street is the building&#39;s front and composed of the side of the enclosed verandah with a window, a central bay with gabled roof and a tripartite window arrangement of three casements and the broad, open verandah. The three-part window has a timber-bracketed, metal sheeting-clad hood. The verandah has stop-chamfered timber posts and dowel balustrading with solid top rail, while its ceiling is lined with tongue-and-groove boards. A series of French doors open onto the verandah. The north-eastern elevation features a gablet towards the rear under which are two double-hung sash windows, and the enclosed verandah with a series of casements and a timber double door at the top of the access stair here (timber).</p><br>
<p>The open verandah runs along the south-western side of the building, with a roof ridge running parallel to the verandah length and finished with gablets at each end. Over the verandah the roof is broken-backed. The walls to the verandah are single skin. On the south-eastern elevation there is a recent ramp leading off the end of the verandah (replacing timber stairs no longer extant). A small room projects off the north-eastern corner and has a separate skillion roof and stands on a concrete slab-on-ground. Its north-eastern and north-western walls are clad in corrugated metal sheeting (where mesh had been originally). A single door opens onto the back yard.</p><br>
<p>Public access to the former residence is via a gate in the chain-wire fence on Mabel Street, along a concrete path, up a short flight of timber stairs leading to the open verandah and through a wide door with glazed panes. Through the front door is a short hall. Three rooms stand on the south-western side against the verandah, while a further two stand along the north-eastern side. The central room has been made a reception with insertion of a counter. Beyond the latter to the north a verandah has been enclosed as two small rooms, the single- skin, once-exterior wall still visible. At the rear, north-eastern corner are three small rooms leading into a kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The main rooms of the residence are predominately lined with vertical tongue-and-groove boards on the walls and ceilings. There are also simple timber strip cornices and skirtings throughout. Similarly, the main rooms have polished timber floors with carpet laid over some areas. The walls of the three small rooms at the rear, the last of which is reached via a short flight of timber stairs, are lined with flat sheets. There are linoleum squares on the floor in this area leading into the kitchen, with timber boards likely underneath, except in the former laundry which stands of a small slab that is finished with paint.</p><br>
<p>The early doors are four-panelled and have glazed fanlights above. The French doors are low-waisted with two large lights each side divided in two by a mullion. They also have glazed fanlights above. There are a number of double-hung windows throughout with two lights, each divided in two. A number of double casements are used in the enclosed verandah. A secondary entrance here comprises a short flight of timber stairs. A French door opens at the top of these stairs and on either side are fixed, four-paned windows. Most doors and windows have original hardware.</p><br>
<p>The yard of the former residence is grassed and fenced, with a few trees lining the perimeter in the north-eastern and south-eastern corners. There is a very gentle slope from Mabel Street toward the east. A concrete retaining wall about half a metre high follows the Mabel Street alignment, with short stair in the centre. It turns the corner along part of the Vernon Street alignment.</p><br>
<p>There is a skillion-roofed garage in the south-eastern part of the yard facing Vernon Street. It is clad in profiled sheeting, stands on a slab and has large double timber doors.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Head Teacher&#39;s Residence of the former Atherton State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1913 and unusual in being built to a non-standard design, the former Head Teacher&#39;s Residence, Atherton State School, is important in demonstrating the prominence of Atherton as a regional centre in northern Queensland, particularly in the first part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The size of the residence and the amenity it provided to the head teachers who occupied it - characteristics that can still be read in the building 100 years after its construction - also exemplify the Queensland Department of Public Works&#39; policy from 1909 of improving the comfort of these types of residences to encourage teachers to remain in their positions in regional schools.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Head Teacher&#39;s Residence at Atherton is important as a rare example of one that followed a non-standard design by the Queensland Department of Public Works. There were 19 extant school residences built 1893 and 1914, and only three of these follow a non-standard design.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Highly intact in terms of the important characteristics of this class of cultural place-namely the internal layout of its rooms, fabric and setting-the former Atherton head teachers residence is a fine example of a purpose-built school residence designed by the architectural office of Queenslands Department of Public Works.</p><br>
<p>Barron Valley Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 53 Main Street, Atherton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hill & Taylor and built from 1940 to 1941. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Barron Valley Hotel was constructed in 1940-1941 and is located on the main street of Atherton. The site has been used continuously for hotel and accommodation purposes since 1890 and illustrates the role played by early hotels in the development and expansion of regional settlements. The present hotel, with its distinctive streamlined decorative detailing in the interior public spaces, has been run by the Nasser family for over 70 years.</p><br>
<p>Early European settlements on the Atherton Tablelands developed along the route from Port Douglas to the Herberton at Granite Creek near Mareeba, Rocky Creek near Atherton and Scrubby Creek near Carrington. Atherton, which takes its name from pastoralist John Atherton, was originally known as Priors Pocket after Thomas Prior, a timber getter who was the first European to camp there permanently. The settlement grew to shelter men engaged in lumbering operations, including four brothers from the Mazlin family who played a key role in the local timber industry; much of the timber they cut was used to construct Athertons early buildings.</p><br>
<p>The town was surveyed in 1885 by surveyor Falcone Hutten and the first town lots were sold in Atherton on 23 February 1886. From the mid-1890s Atherton&#39;s popularity as a settlement increased and it became firmly established as the main centre on the Tablelands. During the first years of settlement Atherton was also a staging post for Cobb and Co Coaches, which stopped at the Barron Valley Hotel on their way between Herberton and Port Douglas. Atherton provided the surrounding mining population with the bulk of its produce and its importance as a regional centre was cemented by the arrival of the railway from Cairns in 1903. The railway was located behind the Barron Valley Hotel and eventually replaced the Cobb and Co. routes through to Herberton.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Peakes original Barron Valley Hotel - a shack beside the track to Herberton - was built in the 1890s. It was soon replaced by a single-storeyed hotel, which was also a Cobb & Co. way station and general store. In 1907-1908 it was rebuilt as a two-storeyed timber hotel, which became a feature of early life in Atherton and was a meeting place for all manner of occasions. Mr McCraw was the first licensee of this third hotel on the site and it became known as McCraws Barron Valley Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Sconder (Alexander) Nasser, a Lebanese migrant whose family had emigrated from Kousba to Clermont in Queensland in the late nineteenth century, took over the ownership of the hotel in 1930. A number of Lebanese (Syrian) migrants settled in North Queensland pre-1900 and in the early twentieth century, particularly in coastal regions such as Innisfail and in the North West such as Charters Towers. Most worked as traders or shopkeepers but did not settle in dense communities. The Nasser family arranged a marriage between Sconder and Amelia Moses, from a Lebanese family based in Atherton, in 1912. Initially Sconder and Amelia returned to work in Clermont, but moved north after the disastrous 1916 Clermont floods. Initially they both worked at the Moses-owned Exchange Hotel (destroyed 1933 and rebuilt as the Grand Hotel) in Atherton. Prior to purchasing the Barron Valley Hotel, Nasser ran the town&#39;s first taxi service, operated a barber shop and built the first motor car garage in Atherton.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1930s Nasser decided to replace the two-storeyed timber hotel with a more substantial structure and engaged prominent Cairns architects Richard Hill and AJH Taylor to design it. Hill & Taylor, in partnership 1927- and 1945-1952, designed a number of prominent north Queensland civic buildings between the first and second world wars, including the Cairns City Council Chambers (1929-1930), Cairns Post Office (1930), Johnstone Shire Hall in Innisfail (1935-1938), Mossman Shire Hall (1936), and a number of country hospitals, including Mossman District Hospital and Proserpine Hospital (1939-1940). This association with Hill and Taylor, as well as the distinctive interior detailing, underpinned the hotel&#39;s listing as a significant example of 20th century Queensland architecture by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The new Barron Valley Hotel was a two-storeyed brick building which featured 30 bedrooms, a billiards parlour, two bars, and a lounge and dining room separated by decorative leadlight folding doors, which could be opened to create one large dance hall or ballroom accommodating up to 250 dancers. A barber&#39;s shop opened directly to the street. The hotel was opened on Saturday 12 July 1941 with a dance. At the time of opening the interior was described as being dignified and up-to-date with deep cream and gold walls and polished timber floors.</p><br>
<p>In 1942, during World War II, the Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Military Forces, General Sir Thomas Blamey, investigated using the Atherton and Evelyn Tablelands as a base for rehabilitating and training troops. Four officers made a thorough examination of the area, where already more than 5,000 troops were located, and selected a number of sites in the relatively dry western belt of the Tableland. They recommended that only two divisions be placed on the Tableland in view of the limitations imposed by the wet season, water supply and communications. The Tablelands were within easy reach of the battlefields of New Guinea and the climate gave the troops respite from the tropical heat of the coast and assisted in the convalescence of sick and wounded soldiers. The Tablelands also provided access to a training area similar to that of the South East Asian environment.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the Tablelands Base Area in 1942 created a constant flow of Army traffic through Athertons main street. Many of Athertons buildings housed both Australian and American forces. The School of Arts building was taken over by the Red Cross, and the Girl Guides hall by the Australian Army for use as its historical section, while the Sharples Theatre became an Army Canteen. The Military took over the Atherton Showground and remained there for three years, building the Merriland Hall defence canteen. The Barron Valley Hotel was requisitioned by the Australian Army as an officers club, mess hall and accommodation for two and a half years. For a few months before moving to Port Moresby, General Blamey made the hotel his base.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, Sconders son Harold returned from three years military service and took over the running of the hotel. He retired from running the hotel in 1990 and the next generation of the family took over. In 2009 Harolds son Michael and his wife Maree are still the licensees and Harolds other son, David, runs the adjoining but detached bottle shop. Under Michael Nassers ownership, the hotel underwent a major refurbishment between 2002 and 2007, which included: replacing the old iron roof; installing wheelchair access to a new deck and dining area; developing new men&#39;s and disabled bathroom facilities; upgrading the kitchen; and restoring the early furniture.</p><br>
<p>The Barron Valley Hotel has played an important role in providing accommodation for businesspersons, visitors and tourists to the Tablelands and has been promoted in tourism brochure over many years, including the 1949 Cairns, Innisfail & Atherton Tableland Visitors Directory. As Atherton&#39;s leading hotel the Barron Valley has provided accommodation for distinguished visitors including several Queensland governors. Its dining room/lounge have been used regularly for meetings, conferences and social functions. Local sporting clubs and community groups have been supported by the owners of the hotel and have a close association with the place.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Barron Valley Hotel is a large, two-storeyed hotel of brick and concrete construction with a metal sheeted roof. It is located in the heart of the central business district of Atherton, on the north- western side of Main Street on the Kennedy Highway. Its allotment extends through to Railway Lane which runs adjacent to the Cairns Railway. The hotel is rectangular in plan comprising four wings built around a central courtyard and each wing has an external enclosed verandah and internal open verandah on both levels. Parapets to the outer walls conceal the main roof from exterior view.</p><br>
<p>The enclosed verandah which overhangs the Main Street footpath is the principal feature of the facade and is supported at the kerb line by piers constructed of bullnosed bricks. Above a solid brick balustrade, decorated with three diamond patterns of diagonal brickwork, a continuous rendered masonry sill underlines seven banks of eight-light casement windows between the brick piers. The verandah roof, clad in metal sheeting, has multiple hips that project over alternate banks of windows. The brick parapet with rendered capping is accentuated by a horizontal band of decorative render and a central vertical projection formed with stepped brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The rear and side boundary walls, constructed of a concrete frame with contrasting dark brown brick infill balustrading and parapet, form the outer verandah walls. The verandahs are enclosed with windows (both early timber casement and later sliding aluminium sashes). The northern corner at the rear of the hotel projects forward and above the parapet and has a decorative rendered cornice.</p><br>
<p>At street level the front of the hotel (south-east wing) retains its early black skirting tile and fine bands of horizontal cream tiles dividing green wall tiles. The recessed main entrance, in the southern corner, is tiled to door height and the tiling extends as a dado along the remainder of the hotel frontage. Above the entrance doors and adjacent narrow windows, a glazed sign with metallic trim bears the name of the hotel in large stylised lettering. The underside of the verandah is lined with flat sheet and decorated with a stylised pattern of timber battens.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance opens into the foyer which has an intact interior featuring a decorative plaster ceiling and cornice, polished timber floors and timber joinery including wall and counter panelling with inlaid timber detailing, a main stair, reception area and early furniture. The public bar, adjacent private bar and the main lounge open off the foyer.</p><br>
<p>The public bar with two entrance doors from Main Street and a window between, features early cream tiled walls with black tile detailing to complement the inlaid timber panelling in the foyer and an early terrazzo floor and bar with later laminate counter. North of the public bar, a passageway from the street provides additional access to the public bar as well as the central courtyard and an adjacent tenancy. A pharmacy, with a recent fitout and shopfront, occupies a large proportion of the eastern corner of the ground floor and was formerly the billiards saloon. In the eastern corner, a small, intact barber&#39;s shop has an early shopfront, early fixtures and vertical tongue and groove boarded interior lining.</p><br>
<p>In the south-west wing, the lounge opens off the entrance foyer through veneer doors that match the wall panelling and is separated from the dining room in the western corner by leadlight bi-fold doors. The lounge has an open fireplace and both lounge and dining rooms have polished timber floors and decorative plaster cornice and ceilings. Both the lounge and dining rooms have eight light doors that open onto external and internal verandahs. Adjoining the dining room area is a private dining room and the hotel kitchen which form the north-west wing.</p><br>
<p>The courtyard is used as an outdoor lounge/dining area and has shade sails supported on a new veranda which runs along the north side of the lounge and the east side of the kitchen and private dining room. An open passageway behind the north-east wing (pharmacy) provides external access to the courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The upper level houses the hotel&#39;s accommodation of approximately 30 bedrooms. The main access to this level is from the entrance foyer and there are secondary stairs within the courtyard and on the external verandah in the north-west wing. Each wing of the building has a central corridor with bedrooms either side that have access either to the internal or external verandahs. A sun deck has been constructed within the south-eastern end of the courtyard void. There are four communal bathrooms and in the north-east and north-west wings, a number of bedrooms have been converted to ensuites for adjoining bedrooms. In the north-west wing there is a larger room for family accommodation in the northern corner and a communal lounge in the western corner. The corridors have plastered and painted walls and polished timber floors. The bathroom in the north-eastern wing has early tiling and fixtures.</p><br>
<p>The large enclosed verandah extending over the footpath houses recreation areas and a meeting room divided with single-skin timber framed partition walls. The ceiling is lined with flat sheet and finished with timber cover battens in a stylised pattern.</p><br>
<p>In the grounds behind the hotel facing Railway Lane is a detached bottle shop which is a later addition and is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Barron Valley Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Barron Valley Hotel at Atherton, the principal town of the Atherton Tableland, was designed in 1939 and constructed 1940-1941. It is the fourth hotel on the site since 1890 and one of three large, substantially intact hotels on the Tableland - the other two being the Lake Eacham Hotel (1910-1911 extended 1926) at Yungaburra and the Malanda Hotel at Malanda - that have contributed significantly to the development of the region. The large Barron Valley Hotel has accommodated visitors to the region, including dignitaries, officials and tourists, and has provided a popular meeting venue and social and recreational focus for Atherton and district since the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The Barron Valley Hotel is important for its historical association with the Atherton Tableland as a base for allied training and rehabilitation during World War II, being requisitioned for about two and a half years during 1942-1944 as the Australian Armys officers club, mess hall and accommodation, and providing briefly a home to General Sir Thomas Blamey, Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Military Forces.</p><br>
<p>Constructed for Sconder Nasser in 1940-1941 on the site of the previous Barron Valley Hotel which he acquired in 1930, the present Barron Valley Hotel is still owned and occupied by the Nasser family and exemplifies the contribution made by Lebanese immigrants to the development of regional Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Barron Valley Hotel is notable amongst Queensland hotels of the late 1930s/early 1940s for the integrity of its layout and the intactness and quality of its interior, which employs a variety of decorative applied design elements and materials popular at the time of its construction. The main entrance foyer and staircase, which display a lavish use of North Queensland timbers in streamlined decorative finishes, fixtures and early furniture, are particularly fine.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial "Art Deco" hotel of the late 1930s/early 1940s in a regional centre, retaining:</p><br>
<p>its original form and function</p><br>
<p>early street presence</p><br>
<p>early configuration with upper floor accommodation, public spaces on the ground floor (including entrance foyer, lounge, dining room, public bar, private bar and former billiards room - the latter occupied by a retail pharmacy in 2009) and barber&#39;s shop opening directly to the street</p><br>
<p>extensive early finishes, fittings and fixtures, including: the timber joinery (main stair, wall panelling, cabinetwork, window and door joinery) made from local North Queensland timbers; polished timber floors; decorative battening to the fibrous-cement ceilings; leadlighting; tiling; terrazzo work; plaster and stucco work; glazed brick fireplace surround in the dining room/lounge; and signage</p><br>
<p>early purpose-built furniture made from local North Queensland timbers (including dining room chairs and club chairs in the foyer).</p><br>
<p>The hotel is important in exemplifying the commercial work of the prominent Cairns architectural firm of R Hill and AJH Taylor (1927- and 1945-1952), which made a significant contribution to far north Queensland&#39;s built environment in the interwar years.</p><br>
<p>Merriland Hall is a heritage-listed community hall at Mazlin Street, Atherton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in November 1943 by the Allied Works Council. It is also known as Former Atherton Camp Supply Depot. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In November 1943 an Australian Defence Canteen was erected at the Atherton Showgrounds. Built for the Army by the Allied Works Council, with D. Prangley in charge and under the supervision of Raymond Clare Nowland, a government Senior Architect, it was a timber arched, unlined igloo structure, sheeted with corrugated iron. The structure was a component of one of the largest military store depots on the Atherton Tablelands. After the war the igloo was purchased by the Atherton Show Society and retained at the Showgrounds, becoming known as Merriland Hall.</p><br>
<p>Atherton became a town when it was surveyed in 1885, and named for John Atherton in 1886 when the first lots were put up for sale. It began as a timber town and once much of the timber had been felled, maize, originally grown by Chinese tenant farmers, became the important crop. Peanuts, also introduced by Chinese settlers, were an alternative crop to maize. Today dairying is its main industry. Prior to World War II Atherton was a quiet country town. However, by December 1942 the war had impinged upon the area quickly changing the landscape and the lives of the townspeople.</p><br>
<p>In 1942 the Tablelands Base Area was established, creating a constant flow of Army traffic through the towns main street, as camps were set up to train troops in jungle warfare before their being sent to the islands north of Australia. Many of Athertons buildings housed both Australian and American forces. The School of Arts building was taken over by the Red Cross, and the Girl Guides hall by the Australian Army for use as its historical section, while the Sharples Theatre became an Army Canteen. Meanwhile, the Barron Valley Hotel was requisitioned by the Australian Army as an Officers Club and, for a short time, General Thomas Blamey made this his headquarters.</p><br>
<p>So much change occurred in Atherton during the war that it has been suggested that both the community and the economy could have been overwhelmed by the strain put upon it. But the reverse appears to have been true, as the one hundred thousand troops camped throughout the Tablelands area gave the residents the chance to become involved in the war effort by assisting and entertaining the visitors, while still keeping business running. Prosperity came with the influx and Atherton provided much timber towards war requirements. Maple was needed for aeroplane propellers and plywood for use in the manufacture of sea and air craft, while timber was also employed in the making of rifles, furniture and packing cases. Socially, the local people did much to entertain the forces and organised many dances, picture shows, concerts and outings as well as inviting the troops into their homes. In return, the soldiers helped in matters such as assisting to enlarge the Methodist Church, which was too small to accommodate their extra numbers.</p><br>
<p>In 1942 the Military took over the Atherton Showground and remained there for three years. In November 1943 a large igloo was erected for the Army by the Queensland Building and Engineering Co., under the auspices of the Allied Works Council. It was 200 ft by 100 ft in size and built particularly to house the "Daily Issue Department", or Australian Defence canteen. A bakery, which daily supplied bread for all the forces in the area, was built on the western side of the show ring. The canteen igloo was constructed with a nailed hardwood timber arch construction, each arm made up of two half arches, pinned at two supports near the ground and at a central point. It formed an arch with timber bracing nailed into position to form a curved box truss. Although the original US design was intended to be covered with camouflage netting, the igloos built for Queensland were sheeted with iron. These changes, as made by the Allied Works Council, provided a stronger, more durable building which would be capable of withstanding winds of up to 65 miles an hour. The timber used in the igloos was hardwood or Oregon and the outer sheeting was corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The Allied Works Council, the builder of this and other wartime prefabricated buildings, was formed in February 1942 to co-ordinate and facilitate the needs of the Australian and US military forces in Australia during the war. The work carried out by the Allied Works Council included roads, camps, hospitals, ammunition depots, aerodromes, mess and recreation facilities, and gun emplacements. The Allied Works Council is significant because so much of their construction work transformed Australia, leaving a post-war legacy of roads and buildings still in use for peaceful pursuits.</p><br>
<p>The Defence Canteen igloo was purchased by the Atherton Tableland Agricultural Society for a very low price after the war. When the Atherton Shire Hall, built in 1898, was destroyed by fire in 1948, the war-time igloo became a Community Centre. A committee was formed to manage the hall and they set about building a dance floor measuring 5,000 square feet with a further 2,000 square feet of galleries for seating. The £4,000 needed for this work was put up by the Atherton Shire Council, and money raised by the Atherton Choral Society and the Atherton Players. Both these groups put all their spare funds into improving the facilities, later adding chairs, stage lighting and dressing rooms. A contest was held to name the new Community Centre hall and Miss Eileen Burke won with the name "Merriland". In July 1951, the committee gave a Grand Ball to celebrate the opening with over 1,200 people in attendance. Merriland Hall went on to host most of the social and cultural occasions of Atherton for many years.</p><br>
<p>Among the entertainments held at Merriland Hall were concerts by the Queensland Symphony Orchestra and the Australian and Queensland Ballets as well as numerous shows by local and visiting amateur societies. From 1952 the Choral Society presented a variety concert or musical comedy every year when Princess Alexandra visited the area in 1959 most of the population of Atherton was able to gather in the hall to see the popular visitor. In 1958 a brick frontage and additions to the stage and dressing rooms were constructed at a cost of £400. In 1963 the Atherton Players produced more money and effort and repainted all the interior walls in preparation for the upcoming Drama Festival.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Merriland is a large igloo situated within the Atherton Show Grounds and located at the corner of Robert and Mazlin Streets, Atherton. The name "igloo" was a Second World War slang shorthand term for any of a number of building forms with curved metal roofs. The igloo was designed as a camp supply depot, today it is composed of two major elements:</p><br>
<p>an "igloo" of timber trusses clad in corrugated iron which forms the auditorium</p><br>
<p>a brick frontage which forms part of the stage, backstage area and dressing rooms.</p><br>
<p>A separate building has been attached to the rear of the auditorium. This weatherboard building with a corrugated galvanised iron roof, is a cafeteria.</p><br>
<p>The Merriland Hall is approximately 60 m long and has an overall width of 30m. The igloo stands on a concrete slab foundation with a raised kerb and two external drains running along the building&#39;s long sides, and cast concrete feet which support the trusses. There are sixteen trusses spanning the interior space. Each is composed of four curved half-trusses which are pinned at the foundations and at the apex where they meet. The two adjacent trusses are laced together at top and bottom chord level. Therefore, each half-truss consists of four timber chords sprung into arch form, with light timber bracing nailed into position to form a curved open-latticed box truss. The trusses are made entirely of sawn pieces of native hardwood nailed together.</p><br>
<p>Horizontal timber members run the full length of the auditorium on each half-truss. The roof structure is braced by a pattern of crossed diagonal timber struts running across the roof between the trusses. The centre section of the roof has been angled up into a low-pitched gable with rafters rising up from the upper chords of the trusses to meet a ridge beam running down the centreline of the igloo. Timber purlins running the length of the roof are nailed to these rafters and to the upper chords. The corrugated iron cladding is nailed directly to the purlins. There are four ventilators in the roof.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the auditorium has been divided into two spaces. The rear of the building is basically a clear space, it has been set up for indoor sports. An indoor basketball court has been marked out on the concrete floor and two backboards have been attached to trusses on either side of the igloo. One side of the auditorium has been modified to include both male and female toilets in a narrow concrete-block extension. A wire storage cage has been erected at the rear of the igloo. On the other side of the igloo, storage facilities have been provided in the form of timber lockers. In the centre of the rear wall are large double doors. Above the doors, and to either side, are a series of fixed glass windows.</p><br>
<p>A raised timber dance floor has been constructed in the front section of the building, with a stage and backstage area at one end. Dressing rooms and additional backstage space are housed in the 1958 brick frontage. Raised galleries, approximately 4m wide, have been constructed along either side of the dance floor for seating.</p><br>
<p>The cafeteria is housed in a rectangular timber-framed building with a gabled roof, which has been attached to the rear of the igloo. This symmetrical structure is raised off the ground on concrete stumps. It is externally clad in weatherboard and the internal walls are lined with fibro cement sheeting. Vinyl floor tiles line the timber floor. Six timber framed glass windows extend along either long wall. Exit doors are located on each side of the building. The internal area has been divided into two elements; a hall containing tables and chairs and a small kitchen situated in the rear of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Merriland Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Merriland Hall is important in illustrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history because of the role it played in the provision of services to Australian and American army personnel who were training in north Queensland during World War II. It is the largest igloo to be erected on the Tablelands and is one of only a few large igloos constructed during this time that is still situated on its original site. Since this style of building was only used during the war, the construction is distinctive of a period of great significance to the Atherton area.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Merriland Hall demonstrates the principal characteristics of this type of structure and represents a significant advancement in timber technology and construction achieved during the Second World War which enabled long span lightweight structures utilising hand nailed timber in small sectional chord sizes to be erected quickly and at low cost. It demonstrates the ability of the Allied Works Council to meet emergency demands for the construction of Allied defence works.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>An impressive structure with a simple recognisable form, Merriland Hall is a local landmark. Adaptations made over time clearly reflect its change in use and contribute to its aesthetic and social value. Internally, the innovative timber structure is clearly expressed, and the expansive interiors contribute to the aesthetic significance of the structure.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Merriland Hall demonstrates the principal characteristics of this type of structure and represents a significant advancement in timber technology and construction achieved during the Second World War which enabled long span lightweight structures utilising hand nailed timber in small sectional chord sizes to be erected quickly and at low cost. It demonstrates the ability of the Allied Works Council to meet emergency demands for the construction of Allied defence works.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Merriland Hall has a special association for the people of Atherton and district as it has been their community hall from 1948. It also has a strong association with the Allied Works Council whose works during the Second World War had a profound and enduring impact in the region.</p><br>
<p>Atherton War Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at the corner of Kennedy Highway and Rockley Road, Atherton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1942. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 November 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Atherton War Cemetery established in 1942, is situated within the Atherton Cemetery Reserve on the Kennedy Highway on the outskirts of Atherton. It contains a Cross of Sacrifice and 164 graves and headstones for soldiers and airmen killed during World War II. The Atherton War Cemetery is an example of the way in which the Imperial War Graves Commission&#39;s design principles, which were developed and implemented after World War I, were applied in a region that is significant for its World War II history and associations.</p><br>
<p>The Imperial War Graves Commission (which became the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in 1960) was established in Britain by Royal Charter on 21 May 1917. The Commission&#39;s founder and vice chairman, Sir Fabian Ware, had submitted a memorandum to the 1917 Imperial War Conference outlining his concern for the upkeep of graves and sites of commemoration. During the conflict, Ware had used his mobile British Red Cross Unit to register and care for graves, and had received countless requests from bereaved families for information regarding their loved ones.</p><br>
<p>Once the Commission was formed, it resolved to create lasting memorials to those who lost their lives in battle and those families who had lost their loved ones.</p><br>
<p>To fulfil this aim, the Commission engaged eminent British architects to design the cemeteries and memorials. Sir Edwin Lutyens, Sir Herbert Baker and Sir Reginald Blomfield were the first three principal architects of the Commission and the Director of the British Museum, Sir Frederic Kenyon, drew their recommendations into a set of key principles regarding the development and management of the cemeteries. These principles determined that each of the dead should be commemorated by name on the headstone or memorial; headstones and memorials should be permanent; headstones should be uniform; and there should be no distinction made on account of military or civil rank, race or creed.</p><br>
<p>The principles were then applied to three experimental cemeteries at Le Treport, Louvencourt and Forceville in France. Of these, the last was considered the most successful. In consultation with renowned garden designer Gertrude Jekyll, a walled cemetery was built there with rows of uniform headstones set in narrow garden beds within a lawn in a symmetrical layout with a centre aisle between Blomfields Cross of Sacrifice on the western boundary and Lutyens Stone of Remembrance on the eastern boundary. After some adjustments, Forceville became the template for the Commission&#39;s building program.</p><br>
<p>The Imperial (later Commonwealth) War Graves cemeteries thus incorporated the following key elements (although some were contingent on the number of burials):</p><br>
<h3>Cross of Sacrifice</h3><br>
<p>The central focus of war cemeteries with over 40 burials is the Cross of Sacrifice. It was designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield, an Imperial War Graves Commission architect. He created a tall, finely proportioned stone cross, with a symbolic downward pointing sword of bronze attached to its face, thus emphasising both the military character of the cemetery and the religious affiliation of the majority of the dead. It was designed to represent the faith of the majority and generally ranges in height between 4.5m and 9m depending on the size of the cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Stone of Remembrance</h3><br>
<p>Sir Edwin Lutyens was responsible for designing a general monument to be placed in war cemeteries called the Stone of Remembrance. It is suggestive of an altar and yet abstract and non-denominational, with horizontal lines and curved surfaces. The design was based on complex geometry derived from the Parthenon, giving an impression of majesty and tranquillity. Inscribed on the stone is the quote "Their name liveth for evermore", taken from the Ecclesiasticus and chosen by Rudyard Kipling. The Stone of Remembrance is present in cemeteries where there are more than 1,000 burials and occasionally elsewhere although not at Atherton.</p><br>
<h3>Headstones</h3><br>
<p>Imperial (later Commonwealth) War Graves Commission cemeteries contain headstones of a standard pattern, usually set in perfectly straight rows. At the top of each headstone is engraved the national emblem or the service or regimental badge of the dead person, followed by their rank, name, unit, date of death, age and often an appropriate religious emblem. At the foot of the headstone there is, in many cases, an inscription chosen by the person&#39;s relatives. Some cemeteries, for climatic reasons, use low pedestals with bronze plaques instead of headstones.</p><br>
<h3>Horticulture</h3><br>
<p>Creating a garden setting for war cemeteries, in an effort to make them places of quite contemplation, beauty and soothing to the bereaved, was one of the earliest ideas generated by the War Graves Commission. These ideas were put into practice by the architects involved, in particular Sir Edwin Lutyens who worked closely with the renowned garden designer Gertrude Jekyll. Her ideas about traditional cottage garden plants, particularly flowering ones, and their placement greatly influenced the appearance of war cemeteries.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the Commission completed its program of World War I cemeteries in 1938, World War II began and the Commission realised that their efforts would be needed in many more countries. As that war progressed in the Allies&#39; favour, the Commission began restoring its WWI cemeteries and memorials and commenced the task of commemorating 600,000 Commonwealth casualties from WWII. It built 559 new cemeteries and 36 new memorials and changed its name to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in the 1960s as the construction program of WWII cemeteries drew to a close.</p><br>
<h3>The Atherton War Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>The Atherton War Cemetery was created on land adjoining the Atherton General Cemetery (1928) in 1942, the year before the Tablelands Base Area was established as part of the Atherton Project (when the Australian Army Headquarters moved from Townsville to the Tablelands) and at the same time that the Australian General Hospital (2/2 and 2/6) at Rocky Creek commenced operations. The area between Atherton and Cairns was used extensively as a training ground during World War II for Australian troops involved in action in New Guinea, Bougainville and the later landings at Aitape-Wewak, Tarakan, Labuan and Balikpapan. The Tablelands Base Area created a constant flow of Army traffic through Athertons main street, as camps were set up to train troops in jungle warfare before their being sent to the islands north of Australia. Australia&#39;s 6th, 7th and 9th Division were based in the Atherton region. Wounded soldiers were taken to the Rocky Creek Hospital Complex as well as to the station hospital at Mareeba State School.</p><br>
<p>The first burial in the Atherton War Cemetery took place following the death on 4 January 1943 of Gunner Andrew Mervyn Hemsworth, of the Royal Australian Artillery (Grave AC1). In 1944 the cemetery was resurveyed and redesigned by members of the 7th Graves Registration and Environment Unit. Plans reveal a symmetrical design that comprised a grid of three equal sized plots A, B C in an east-west orientation with 11 evenly spaced rows containing 10 rows of 16 and one row of four headstones. The plots were separated by gravel paths. To the south of the plots an expanse of lawn divided into three with gravel paths, contained a Cross of Sacrifice at its centre. The whole was surrounded by a gravel roadway with gardens/lawn between it and the perimeter fencing. The burials were arranged chronologically with 1943-1944 burials occurring in Plot A, 1944 burials in Plot B and 1945-46 burials in Plot C. The last burial took place following the death of Lieutenant Frank Stuart-Boyle, Australian Army Ordnance Corps on 1 December 1946 (Grave CC4). Graves in the Atherton War Cemetery were initially marked by white wooden timber crosses and later replaced with the marble headstones although there are no documentary records that specifically state when this occurred. Photographic records held at the Australian War Memorial indicate the change occurred between 1944 and 1949.</p><br>
<p>Early images depict a flag pole in the cemetery, which was the focal point for each burial service. The flagpole has been replaced by the Cross of Sacrifice, in keeping with Commission policy that cemeteries with more than 40 graves have a Cross of Sacrifice. In total, there are 164 graves in the cemetery, representing 19 different Australian regiments including: Infantry, Army Service Corps, Air Force, Volunteer Defence Corps, Medical Corps and Engineers. One grave belongs to a member of the Young Men&#39;s Christian Association.</p><br>
<p>A formal agreement was made in 1948 between the Shire of Atherton and the Imperial War Graves Commission (Anzac Agency) to hold Atherton War Cemetery in perpetuity for use as a war cemetery and granted rights to the Commission regarding use of the land.</p><br>
<p>There are 14 war cemeteries and plots in Queensland, including the one at Atherton: Lutwyche War Cemetery (386 burials) and Cremation Memorial, Bundaberg War Cemetery (35 burials), Ipswich War Cemetery (68 burials), Kingaroy War Cemetery (22 burials), Maryborough (10 burials), Rockhampton War Cemetery (36 burials), Toowoomba War Cemetery (44 burials, Drayton and Toowoomba Cemetery), Townsville War Cemetery (222 burials), Cairns War Cemetery (98 burials), Charters Towers War Cemetery (33 burials), Gympie War Cemetery (5 burials), Warwick War Cemetery (21 burials, Warwick General Cemetery), and Woombye War Cemetery (26 burials). In addition there are a number of individual war graves in civil cemeteries throughout Queensland. The war cemeteries and individual graves in civil cemeteries are maintained by the Office of Australian War Graves, a branch of the Department of Veterans&#39; Affairs. The Office of Australian War Graves is the agent of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Norfolk Island.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Atherton War Cemetery is located within the Atherton Cemetery Reserve on the south-eastern outskirts of the town. The war cemetery occupies the north-western corner of the triangular shaped 3.9 ha reserve which is bounded by Rockley Road to the north and the Kennedy Highway to the south-west.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance to the war cemetery is at the eastern end of the northern boundary which is formed by a brick pier and four-rail concrete fence. Wrought iron gates secure the entrance which is incorporated into a shelter constructed of brick columns with a concrete lattice roof. The shelter houses a bench, and a register box for a visitors book and cemetery register. Bronze plated plaques attached to the shelter are inscribed as follows:THIS WAR CEMETERY IS MAINTAINED ON BEHALF OF THE COMMONWEALTH WAR GRAVES COMMISSION BY THE OFFICE OF AUSTRALIAN WAR GRAVESAnother bronze plaque reads:DURING THE LAST 3 YEARS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR,1942-45, THE ATHERTON TABLELANDS AREA SERVED AS A MAJOR BASE AND TRAINING AREA FOR AUSTRALIAN TROOPS INVOLVED IN ACTION IN NEW GUINEA, BOUGAINVILLE AND THE LATER LANDINGS AT AITAPE - WEWAK, TARAKAN, LABUAN AND BALIKPAPAN. AUSTRALIAS 6TH, 7TH AND 9TH DIVISIONS WERE BASED IN THE ATHERTON REGION, AND FROM HERE THE AIR FORCE STRUCK AT THE JAPANESE PRESSING DOWN FROM THE NORTH AND NORTH-WEST. MANY OF THE SERVICEMEN BURIED AT THIS SITE DIED IN LOCAL MILITARY HOSPITALS FROM WAR-RELATED WOUNDS, ACCIDENT OR ILLNESS.THE ATHERTON WAR CEMETERY CONTAINS 164 BURIALS, COMPRISING 151 AUSTRALIAN ARMY, 12 RAAF AND 1 YMCA MEMBER.A secondary service entrance for site management is located at the western end of the northern boundary fence with the remaining boundaries enclosed with mesh panel fencing.</p><br>
<p>The Atherton War Cemetery contains 164 uniformly marked and spaced graves and a Cross of Sacrifice set within a manicured lawn and gardens. Each of the graves is marked by a white marble headstone, rectangular in shape with a rounded top, carved military insignia, name, and rank of each soldier buried. Some headstones bear an epitaph. The headstones are evenly arranged in 11 rows, set into a concrete strip footing. Ten of these contain 16 headstones each, the final row has four.</p><br>
<p>The Cross of Sacrifice is located approximately 7.5 metres from the middle row of the headstones and stands about 4 metres high, set on a 3-metre square base. The cross is made of sandstone with bronze swords mounted on two sides. The plinth, base, stem and cross are octagonal.</p><br>
<p>While the arrangement of garden beds at the perimeter of the cemetery is of cultural heritage significance, the plant species within them are not and are replaced and upgraded from time to time to the standard required by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and specified in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Horticultural Manual.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Atherton War Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 November 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Atherton War Cemetery is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history, being a product of Australias involvement in World War II. North Queensland in general and the Atherton Tablelands in particular were important military sites during this country&#39;s involvement in the war in the South-West Pacific between 1941 and 1945. The Atherton War Cemetery is important as a memorial site to Australian soldiers and airmen who fought and died during the conflict, particularly in New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>The Atherton War Cemetery is closely associated with the Imperial (later Commonwealth) War Graves Commission, established by Sir Fabian Ware in 1921 to commemorate all individuals killed during war and to provide their families with a dignified and lasting memorial.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Atherton War Cemetery is important in illustrating the principal features drawn from the design guidelines that were established after World War I by the Imperial (later Commonwealth) War Graves Commission to ensure war cemeteries of this size suitably commemorated the fallen. These include uniform headstones in regular rows, the Cross of Sacrifice and manicured gardens; aspects of which appear in the 2,500 war cemeteries constructed in approximately 150 countries around the world and serve to make a dignified and reverential memorial site. These key characteristics and the aesthetic quality they create have strong associations with four internationally significant architects: Sir Edwin Lutyens, Sir Herbert Baker, Sir Reginald Blomfield and Charles Holden.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Atherton War Cemetery is an evocative site that conveys the distinctive aesthetic qualities and solemn ambience essential to all Imperial (later Commonwealth) War Graves Commission cemeteries. The formality of the War Cemetery - with its Cross of Sacrifice and uniform white marble headstones arranged in a regular pattern within a manicured lawn and horticultural border - make it a prominent feature distinguishable from the less formalised layout of the general cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Maine Industrial School for Girls, also once known as the Stevens School and the State School for Girls in Hallowell, is a former juvenile detention and education facility on Winthrop Street in Hallowell, Maine. The school operated from its founding in 1874 until the mid-1970s. Its campus, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, now houses a variety of state offices, and a state Department of Corrections pre-release center.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Maine Industrial School for Girls campus is located just northwest of downtown Hallowell, on the north side of Winthrop Street. It occupies about 6 acre, set on an east-facing hillside overlooking the downtown and the Kennebec River beyond. The campus buildings are generally rectangular brick structures, aligned with the long axis running north-south. They are organized around a central grassy area. The oldest surviving building, located near the southeastern edge of the campus, dates to 1898. The most prominent buildings are the former Central Building (1917–19) on the east side of the green, and Stevens Hall (1936–38) on the west side. Most of the buildings have some measure of Colonial Revival styling, although the 1898 Baker Building has an Italianate corbelled cornice. The 1905-06 Administration was designed by Lewiston architect William R. Miller.</p><br>
<p>The school was established by an act of the state legislature in 1874, as a place where "wayward girls" could be given a proper moral education, in a facility similar to one that had previously been established for boys. It was roughly modeled on the Lancaster Industrial School for Girls in Massachusetts. The school was at first considered to be a nominally secure educational facility or reform school, and not a correctional facility. This view evolved over time, and by the time of its closure in the 1970s it was viewed more as a penal institution.</p><br>
<p>The schools earliest buildings were either destroyed by fire or torn down. Following the schools closure, its buildings have generally been repurposed by the state to house offices of some of its departments. The campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Theron Boyd Homestead is a historic farm property on Hillside Road in Hartford, Vermont. The centerpieces of the 30 acre property are a house and barn, each built in 1786. The house, little altered since its construction, is one of the finest early Federal period houses in the state. The property is owned by the state, which has formulated plans to open it has a historic site. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Theron Boyd Homestead is located in western Hartford, about 1 mi of the village of Quechee. The property is bounded on the east by Quechee Main Street, the north by Wheelock Road, and Hillside Road runs east-west through the southern portion of the property. The property includes a combination of open fields and woodlands, with the main cluster of buildings found on either side of Hillside Road. The barn is set close the south side of the street; it is a five-bay gable-roofed wooden structure, finished in vertical board siding. The house stands a short way northwest of the barn; it is a two story structure, with a hip roof, large central chimney, clapboard siding, and a rubblestone foundation capped by dressed fieldstones. The street-facing front facade is five bays wide, with an enlarged center bay flanked by sash windows in the more closely spaced bays on the sides. The center entrance is flanked by pilasters and topped by a four-light transom window and cornice. The building corners have narrow Federal style beaded molding. The interior has many well-preserved period features, including doors with original hardware, wooden panels, early 19th-century wallpaper, and even instances of marbleized paint on some surfaces. Differences in construction material (principally nails) suggest that the interior was not completely finished until the early 19th century. A brick ell, dating to the early 1800s extends to the north of the main block. The house has never been fitted with modern utilities such as plumbing or electricity.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1786 for William Burtch, a prominent Hartford businessman whose father, Benjamin Burtch, first settled the land in 1766. From the early 1920s to about 1981, the 30-acre parcel now associated with the house was owned by Theron Boyd, who steadfastly resisted efforts to either subdivide the property or to modernize the house. In the 1980s, the property was transferred in portions to the Vermont Land Trust, which turned it over to the state in 1990. The state is in 2016 working to rehabilitate the house and prepare the property as a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Tolbo Lake is a freshwater lake in Mongolia. The lake is located about 50 km south of Ölgii, on the main road between Ölgii and Khovd.</p><br>
<p>Elevation is at 2080 meters high. The shoreline is treeless with few mosquitoes and a lot of people and families camp here every summer.Most of the people go there in mid-july because the water at that time is the warmest.Tolbo lake is also known as 100 kazan(100 pots). The reason why is the lake has 100 deep places that are just like pots. And the tolbo lake has become the place that most people go to camp or just to swim.</p><br>
<p>The lake covers 185 square kilometers of land.</p><br>
<p>The lake was the site of the Battle of Tolbo Lake (1921) during the Russian Civil War where Bolsheviks and Mongolian allies defeated an army of White Russians.</p><br>
<p>Ouwehands Dierenpark is a zoo in Rhenen, in the Dutch province of Utrecht. The zoo is located on the Laarschenberg, a "mountain" that makes up the south-eastern tip of the great Utrecht Hill Ridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Chicken farm</h3><br>
<p>The zoo&#39;s founder, Cor Ouwehand, had moved from Rotterdam to Rhenen to start a cigar factory, but changed his mind and started a chicken farm on the Grebbeberg in 1919, where he held a number of other animals as well, including raccoons, peacocks, and pheasants, quickly drawing public interest.</p><br>
<h3>1930s</h3><br>
<p>During the Great Depression of the 1930s the chicken farm lost much of its business, though people kept coming to look at the animals, leading Ouwehand to turn his farm into a zoo. He visited European zoos to gather ideas, and opened his on 18 June 1932.</p><br>
<h3>The war and after</h3><br>
<p>the parks commercial success had an unintended side effect. In the run-up to World War II, the Dutch government attempted to secure its defenses against a German invasion. The Grebbe line, a defensive line built in the 1700s to protect the Dutch Water Line, ran right through the Grebbeberg, on which the zoo was built. German officers, in civilian clothes, visited the zoo while the Grebbe line was being rebuilt, and were able to establish from the zoo that the Grebberg was a weak spot in the line since the bomb-proof pumping equipment, necessary to inundate the area in the case of an invasion, wouldnt be finished by May 1940. During the ensuing Battle of the Grebbeberg, 11–13 May 1940, the Dutch authorities demanded all the dangerous animals in the zoo be shot to prevent their escape if the zoo got hit. Ouwehand, trusting his own aim better than that of the Dutch soldiers, took it upon himself to do so.</p><br>
<p>The rebuilding process was slow. Ouwehand died in 1950, and his son Bram and Brams brother in law Jo Baars took over. Compensation for the animals shot in WWII didnt happen until 1953.</p><br>
<p>Since then the zoo&#39;s area has doubled, to 22 ha. Further expansion was prevented by the municipality, and some animals, including hippos, elephants, gorillas, and chimpanzees were done away with. By the end of the 1990s the zoo was practically bankrupt, receiving less than a half a million visitors per year.</p><br>
<p>Fortunes turned for the better when, in 2000, the zoo was bought by millionaire businessman Marcel Boekhoorn, who invested in new accommodations for lions, tigers, polar bears, and elephants, and built playgrounds and a new restaurant. Boekhoorn also began a pursuit to bring giant pandas to the zoo (on loan from China), which became reality in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>1932 – Ouwehands Dierenpark opened</p><br>
<p>1940–1945 – Second World War, A number of animals stay as at a farm in Doorn</p><br>
<p>1978 – Aquarium opened</p><br>
<p>1985 – Primate house opened</p><br>
<p>1993 – The bear forest opened</p><br>
<p>1995 – Asian Elephants get a new enclosure</p><br>
<p>1997 – Tiger forest opened, Elephants relocated</p><br>
<p>1998 – Lapponian exhibit with reindeer, eagles and owls opened</p><br>
<p>1999 – Beaver enclosure opened</p><br>
<p>2000 – Enclosures for polar bears and orang-utans opened</p><br>
<p>2001 – Urucu( tropical Area) opened</p><br>
<p>2003 – Ravot Aapia (de grootste Europese speeljungle) wordt geopend</p><br>
<p>2004 – Start van ZOOP</p><br>
<p>2005 – Umkhosi (Afrikaanse speeltuin met Afrikaanse dieren) wordt geopend</p><br>
<p>2006 – Twee Afrikaanse olifanten worden aan de menagerie toegevoegd</p><br>
<p>2007 – Bij het 75-jarig bestaan wordt bij het olifantenverblijf een mannetjesperk geopend</p><br>
<p>2009 – Een nieuw verblijf voor de humboldtpinguïns naast het ijsberenverblijf</p><br>
<p>2011 – Een nieuw zeeleeuwentheater wordt opgeleverd</p><br>
<p>2013 – Gorilla Adventure wordt geopend</p><br>
<p>2014 – Het vernieuwde Berenbos wordt geopend</p><br>
<p>2015 – Een nieuw sidderalenaquarium wordt toegevoegd. Het grootste in zijn soort in Europa.</p><br>
<p>Cressbrook Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery off Jonsson Road, Evelyn, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Melrose & Fenwick and built from 1913 to 1940. It is also known as Cressbrook Cemetery-Evelyn. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 June 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cressbrook Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 June 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cressbrook Cemetery is a small private cemetery containing the headstones of four early Herbert River settlers. It is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the development and decline of rural properties.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery demonstrates the principal characteristics of rural homestead cemeteries, where members of extended families were buried in small private cemeteries on the property. Two of the graves in the Cressbrook Cemetery are marked with typically elaborate marble headstones, made by stonemasons in regional centres, and imported into the district.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with Queensland&#39;s history because it is the burial place of important pioneers of North Queensland. Explorer and pioneer Henry Stone surveyed blocks on the headwaters of the Burdekin River in 1859. He was the first manager of the Valley of Lagoons and first settler of the Upper Herbert, establishing the Vale of Herbert Station in 1865. Anna Stone and Mary Hull were also important early pioneers of the Upper and Lower Herbert districts, arriving as children at the Valley of Lagoons in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Tiningnertok  is a mountain in King Frederick VI Coast, Kujalleq municipality, southern Greenland.</p><br>
<p>This mountain is popular among mountaineers, especially its Northeast Face, but it is of difficult access for it lies in an isolated area where climatic conditions are often rough. Its granite walls are similar to Ketil&#39;s.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Tiningnertok is a massive 2,291.48 m ultra-prominent mountain with multiple peaks at the top. It rises steeply from the shore east of small Tininnertooq Bay on the northern side of the middle section of Lindenow Fjord (Kangerlussuatsiaq), Akuliarusersuaq is another massive peak rising rising barely 3 km to the southeast at 60&deg;34&prime;13&Prime;N latitude, 43&deg;44&prime;4&Prime;W longitude to a height of 1,534.67 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of mountaineering in Southeast Greenland began quite recently. In 1971 members of the French Club Alpin of Paris reached the base of the Apostelen Tommelfinger by helicopter, but had to desist following a number of accidents and other problems. Two years later, in 1973, an Italian group of mountaineers also experienced failure while trying to climb this remote peak. Finally the 1976 expedition led by Frenchman Sylvain Jouty succeeded in climbing Tiningnertok.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at 38 Broadway Street, Herberton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eyre & Munro and built in 1889 by H Petersen. It is also known as Holy Trinity Church of England. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Holy Trinity church was built in 1889 to serve the Anglican community in the rapidly developing mining town of Herberton and in the surrounding district.</p><br>
<p>Herberton developed following the 1880 discovery of a substantial tin reef in its vicinity. A rush followed almost immediately and by August 1880, when the town of Herberton (named because of its proximity to the Wild River, the head of the Herbert River) was laid out, it already had a hotel, a butcher&#39;s shop, and three stores. The tin fields around Herberton and the other towns which sprang up in the district in the early 1880s proved to be the richest discovered on the Australian mainland.</p><br>
<p>The first Church of England incumbent in Herberton was the Reverend G. White, who arrived in 1887. Services were held in the small towns of Herberton, Watsonville and Irvinebank and occasionally in other places in the district. A "ruinous" iron building already on church land was repaired for use as a Sunday School and in 1888 plans for a church were drawn up by the Townsville architectural firm of Eyre and Munro. Walter Eyre was an architect, engineer and surveyor. He trained in England and worked in the office of his cousin, FDG Stanley, from 1881 until he was appointed City Engineer of Townsville in 1885. In 1887 he left to set up in practice as an architect and soon gained enough work to take on William Henry Allan Munro as a junior partner. The firm supervised the work of southern architects as well as designing buildings and were responsible for a number of major works in north Queensland before the firm ceased operations in 1892. The contractor for the work was H Petersen and the completed church was dedicated on Trinity Sunday, 30 June 1889. It was a simple rectangular building with a small entry porch on the western end.</p><br>
<p>In 1898 the Herberton parish included the towns of Herberton, Atherton, Watsonville, Montalbion, Irvinebank and Thornborough. Coolgarra and Mount Garnet were added in 1900, although Holy Trinity remained the only church in the parish. The area was isolated, roads poor and transport was by horse. This placed a difficult burden on the rector and the church had many changes of incumbent in its first years. The problem of providing pastoral care to a large and sparsely settled area led to the foundation of the Brotherhood of St Barnabas (one of the orders of the Bush Brothers). The Brotherhood was established on 11 June 1902 by Aneurin Vaughan Williams, Rector of Herberton. Originally consisting only of Vaughan Williams and one other priest, it was modelled on the Brotherhood of St Andrew founded in central Queensland a few years earlier. The Brothers travelled where they were needed and remained unmarried during the two years of their term of service. They gained considerable respect for their work and in 1908, George Frodsham, Bishop of North Queensland, gave the movement impetus by recruiting in England with the appeal "O for a band of men that will preach like apostles, ride like cowboys, and having food and raiment, will therewith be content", appealing to the sense of adventure in many who became Brothers. Herberton was the Brotherhoods&#39;s headquarters and they built a small community house there which has since been removed.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 a vestry was built and in 1919 a new porch was added to the church and electric light installed. In 1914 the work of the Brothers was extended by the establishment of a school for boys at the instigation of Bishop John Feetham, himself once a Bush Brother and an immensely popular bishop who was locally canonised after his death. This school closed in 1916 and became a refectory for the now vanished St Marys School, founded in 1918 by Miss Amelia Grace Eckley Philpott. In the 1920s a number of improvements were made to the church and it gained several fine pieces with carving by Miss Philpott, including the baptismal font, altar and a sanctuary chair and table. Miss Philpott later professed as a Sister of the Sacred Advent and was known as Sister Rosa. She died in 1928 and a Childrens Corner chapel was created in 1929, in a section of the porch opposite the main entrance of Holy Trinity, as a memorial to her.</p><br>
<p>The Brotherhood relinquished care of the Herberton church around 1935 and were replaced by a married rector. The parish is now centred on Atherton and the rector lives there serving several small centres in the district, including Herberton. Renovations to Holy Trinity were carried out in 1989 to mark its centenary.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Church is located next to Woodleigh Residential College, a Uniting Church complex, and diagonally across the road from the Roman Catholic church at Herberton.</p><br>
<p>The church is a single-storeyed timber building with exposed framing and is set on concrete stumps. The gabled roof is clad with corrugated iron and a small projection at the front shelters a bell hung below the eaves. The building has a large central nave, with a lower T-shaped plan entry at the front, and the front gable walls have chamferboard cladding. A detached vestry, entered through an arched door, is located at the rear corner of the church. In recent years, a toilet has been inserted in the space between this and the sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>The church has lancet windows, with a triple lancet assembly in the front wall, ridge ventilators, and decorative timber work to the gable ends.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the church has king post trusses with diagonal struts and the roof is lined with timber boarding on the rake. Walls are lined with horizontal boarding, and a shallow pointed arch frames and separates the raised sanctuary from the nave. The church retains its pews and the baptismal font, altar and a chair and table in the sanctuary feature richly carved panels.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Anglican Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity church illustrates the development of Herberton and of the Anglican Church in Queensland. It was the foundation church for the Brotherhood of St Barnabas, which was formed to address the problem of reaching small and isolated communities which could not support a resident priest.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity church is a good example of a rural timber church and in its form, scale and detail makes a substantial contribution to the built character of Herberton.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity church is a good example of a rural timber church and in its form, scale and detail makes a substantial contribution to the built character of Herberton.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity church has a strong connection with the Anglican community of Herberton and the surrounding area. It also has a special association with the work of the Brotherhood of St Barnabas in providing pastoral care to the developing Tablelands.</p><br>
<p>Jack & Newell General Store is a heritage-listed pair of shops at Grace Street, Herberton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. They were built and in 1895. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 April 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The southeastern building of this pair of single-storeyed timber buildings was erected for William Jack, storekeeper, of Herberton. It was the first in a chain of general stores erected by William Jack and John Newell in North Queensland during the last two decades of the 19th century. The northwestern building was erected by 1895.</p><br>
<p>Herberton owes its existence to the April 1880 discovery of a substantial tin reef in the vicinity, by experienced miners and prospectors William Jack, John Newell, Thomas Brandon and John Brown. In partnership, Jack, Newell, Brandon and William Joss (who had bought out Brown) secured about 60 acres of freehold near the present town, and named their claim the Great Northern. A rush followed almost immediately, and by August 1880, when Warden Mowbray laid out the town of Herberton (so named by Jack and his partners because of its proximity to the Wild River, the head of the Herbert River), it already contained an hotel, a butchers shop, and three stores, one of which was William Jacks. The tin fields around Herberton and the other towns which sprang up in the district in the early 1880s, proved to be the richest discovered on the Australian mainland.</p><br>
<p>At an early date, Jack sold his share in the Great Northern to merchant and mining entrepreneur John Moffatt, and set up Herberton&#39;s first store, in a small bark hut. Jack probably did not erect the more substantial premises of pit-sawn cedar chamfers until after he purchased the store site in October 1881.</p><br>
<p>John Newell joined William Jack as managing partner in Jack & Newell, General Merchants and Forwarding and Shipping Agents, in 1882, and in 1885 married Jack&#39;s daughter, Janet. As new mineral fields were discovered, Jack & Newell subsequently established a chain of 26 stores on the Atherton Tableland, and were frequently the financial mainstay of these early settlements. The company had its own form of paper currency, recognised by all banks and firms throughout North Queensland, and by the late 1890s was the largest merchant house north of Townsville. William Jack died in 1910, but the business name of Jack & Newell was retained.</p><br>
<p>John Newell maintained a life-long association with mining interests in North Queensland, and was an active participant in civic affairs. He became a justice of the peace in 1884, was a member of the Herberton and Tinaroo Shire Councils, and served as mayor of Herberton in 1888-89. From 1896 until 1902 he was the Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Woothakata; from its inception in 1906 until 1921, he was a member of the Cairns Harbour Board; and was vice-president of the short-lived Cairns Stock Exchange of 1906-12. Newell died in 1932, but several stores in the Jack & Newell chain survived into the 1970s. The store at Herberton remained the firm&#39;s headquarters until about 1960, and finally closed in late 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This single-storeyed set of two shops is located on the corner of Grace and William Streets at the top of a rise on a northwesterly sloping site in Herberton. The building has corrugated iron, twin gable roofs with an awning to both street frontages supported by timber posts.</p><br>
<p>This single-skin timber building is clad in deep, pit-sawn chamferboard and features timber pilasters to the Grace Street shop fronts. Both shops have central entrances and a recent shop has been built on the lower side of the building to the northwest boundary. This shop has a timber gable parapet and a street awning to mimic the original shops.</p><br>
<p>An early petrol bowser is located on the William Street frontage. A single-storey fibrous cement shed is located to the rear of the building along with a grassed carparking area.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the corner shop has early shelving, exposed timber trusses and long timber counters with swivel stools fixed to the floor. The second shop is a bakery, and has been lined with hardboard. The building has been refurbished recently and original signage has been painted over.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Jack & Newell General Store was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 April 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Jack & Newell General Store at Herberton is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of development of North Queensland history, being associated with the establishment and growth of Herberton and the surrounding tin fields in the late 19th century. It is significant historically also as the first store established in the chain of general stores founded by Jack & Newell throughout the Atherton Tableland and associated districts in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare, early 1880s rural general store in north Queensland retaining original pit-sawn cedar chamfers; and the interior offers rare illustration of a highly intact 19th century drapery store with early shelving, counter and seating.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare, early 1880s rural general store in north Queensland retaining original pit-sawn cedar chamfers; and the interior offers rare illustration of a highly intact 19th century drapery store with early shelving, counter and seating.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place exhibits a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Herberton community, including the contribution of the building&#39;s scale, form and materials, together with the adjacent petrol bowser, to the streetscape of Grace Street and to the Herberton townscape; and the interior with exposed roof framing, timber joinery and shop fittings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association for the local community as one of the earliest buildings in Herberton.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association with William Jack and John Newell and their substantial contribution to the foundation of Herberton and the Herberton tin mining industry, and to the development of commerce on the Atherton Tableland in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Lake Herrera is a small lake located at 5 km from the urban centre of Mosquera and about 20 km north of the capital Bogotá in Cundinamarca, Colombia. The Andean lake has made its name in the Herrera Period, the period in the history of central Colombia before the Muisca Period, after archaeologist Sylvia Broadbent excavated ceramics around Lake Herrera in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lake Herrera is situated on the Bogotá savanna; the southwestern part of the Andean high plateau in the Eastern Ranges; the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. The lake is one of many remainders of the Pleistocene Lake Humboldt.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Investigations by archaeologist Gonzalo Correal Urrego in 1984 have revealed the existence of a preceramic site with two layers. The oldest layer has been dated at 3410 years BP and the younger layer at 3135 BP.</p><br>
<p>Correal Urrego has discovered preceramic tools and wooden beams in horizontal position, possibly used to against the lake overflowing. Different stone tools found are scrapers and chips with sharp edges. Other tools were handles, and white-tailed deer bone tools for perforation, scarping and cutting. Evidence of fireplaces and burial grounds has been uncovered. One of the burial sites contained a full skeleton surrounded by five skulls. Remains of fauna collected by the hunter-gatherers were mammals, birds and snails. The presence of basalt, not formed on the Altiplano, indicated movement from the Magdalena Valley.</p><br>
<p>When the climatic conditions became drier and layers of volcanic ash were deposited around the lake in the first millennium BCE, the inhabitants of the region started to develop agriculture around the lake.</p><br>
<p>Later excavations have provided ceramic with a typical red colour, rich in SiO2.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a residual part of Lake Humboldt, but since 1973 functions as an artificial lake after the construction of drainage channels. The lake is fed from the Bojacá River from the northeast and from the San José channel, fed by the Bogotá River in the southwest. Between 1969 and 2013 the surface area of the lake has been reduced with 175 hectare.</p><br>
<p>Recent mining activities close to the lake endanger the environment of Lake Herrera, formalised a water reserve on July 23, 2006.</p><br>
<h3>Biodiversity</h3><br>
<p>Flora and fauna around the lake is endangered and migrating birds use Lake Herrera. Several species have been found and described in and around the lake:</p><br>
<p>thickhead ground snake (Atractus crassicaudatus)</p><br>
<p>Cheilanthes myriophylla</p><br>
<p>Drymaeus nigrofasciatus</p><br>
<p>Stenocercus trachycephalus</p><br>
<h3>Tourism</h3><br>
<p>The lake can be visited and walked around, although some parts are privately owned and access permits have to be arranged.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>Another name for Lake Herrera and its surroundings is Sabrisky Desert</p><br>
<p>Herberton School of Arts is a heritage-listed school of arts at 61 Grace Street, Herberton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1881. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The School of Arts at Herberton was constructed in 1881 as a community endeavour during the earliest European settlement of the district and is still a community resource.</p><br>
<p>Herberton was founded following the discovery, in 1880, of a substantial reef of tin in the vicinity. A rush followed almost immediately, and by August, when Warden Mowbray laid out the town of Herberton (so named because of its proximity to the Wild River, the head of the Herbert River), it already contained a hotel, a butcher&#39;s shop, and three stores. The tin fields around Herberton and the other towns which sprang up in the district in the early 1880s, proved to be the richest discovered on the Australian mainland.</p><br>
<p>On 31 December 1880 an open-air public meeting was held for the purpose of founding a School of Arts in Herberton. Strong public support was demonstrated by donations of £50 for the purpose. A site was purchased for £18 in early January the next year. By the end of the month a bark structure had been erected. It was the first community building in the district and the establishment of a School of Arts so early in the settlement of the area was unusual.</p><br>
<p>The first Mechanic&#39;s Institutes or Schools of Arts were established in Britain in the early 1800s and were intended to assist self-improvement and to promote moral, social and intellectual growth by providing lectures, discussions and lending libraries to a rising middle class. At the time there were no public libraries and books were expensive, so access to them by borrowing as subscribers provided an important educational and recreational service. The first School of Arts committee in Queensland was established in Brisbane in 1849 aiming for "the advancement of the community in literary, philosophic and scientific subjects". As towns and districts became established, local committees were formed to establish Schools of Arts and they became one of the principal means of adult education.</p><br>
<p>By 22 October 1881 The Queenslander reported that a public hall had been built in Herberton. It opened with a ball on the 9 November 1881. On 16 November that year it was the venue for the first local government meeting on the Tablelands and within a month was also in use as a school. Indeed, the demand for the venue for meetings, lectures and theatre was so high that by December, bookings for the first months of the new year had been made to the sum of £250.</p><br>
<p>By 1882 Herberton was connected to Port Douglas by a coach service. It boomed in the 1880s and 1890s, its population reaching its highest level of 1,500 in 1895 before it began to decline as the nearby town of Irvinebank developed in the late 1890s. In 1895 the rear of the School of Arts was extended to provide a stage and two small dressing rooms.</p><br>
<p>It was intended that the development of towns on the Tablelands should be encouraged by connecting them to the coast by rail, however, the terrain was difficult and the Tablelands railway line came very slowly over the range from Cairns between 1886 and 1910. A photograph taken in this year, to celebrate the arrival of the railway, shows two small rooms at the front of the hall, possibly created by enclosing verandahs.</p><br>
<p>In 1934 one of these rooms was extended for use as offices for the Herberton Shire Council while its offices were constructed elsewhere. By the 1960s the building was in poor condition though still being used for meetings and social functions. A series of grants and community projects provided funds for renovation and repair until the Shire Council took over responsibility for the building in 1986. Since 1992 it has housed the Herberton Public Library in its core and there have been a geological collection and a photographic display in its front rooms, thus continuing the educational aspects of its service to the community. In 1992 a suspended coved ceiling was installed in the hall, under the main gable.</p><br>
<p>The building was enclosed underneath with timber battening in 1995. Alterations have been made to the front facade with the addition of various gardens, paving and the erection of a pergola on the northern side (both complete by 1995). The pergola had been sheeted with corrugated metal by 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The School of Arts is located in the central business area of Herberton on a site that falls away from the street towards the rear property boundary (101/SP124675). It comprises a reserve, 747 sqm in size and a small road leading off Grace Street, which is about 253 sqm. The building sits at the street end of the site, diagonally opposite the two-storey timber Royal Hotel. To the north, at the intersection with William Street stands the former Jack & Newell General Store.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts is a single-storeyed timber-framed building with weatherboard cladding and set on timber and some steel posts. The undercroft, which increases in height as the land falls away, is enclosed with timber battening. Two concrete block rooms (toilets) have been inserted under the building at its rear. The roof is clad with corrugated metal sheeting and comprises a main gable running perpendicular to the street, broken-backed skillions over two rooms on each of the rear gable ends and low-pitched, hipped additions facing the street on either side of a central gabled porch. This is filled with a triangular panel of painted timber fretwork and beyond which is the entry door to the library. On either side of the door are a number of windows. A modern timber pergola has been inserted in front of the northern section of this building face along with some paving and garden beds (all by 1995, pergola sheeted by 2001).</p><br>
<p>The interior comprises a large hall, now used as a library, with a stage area at the rear flanked by small dressing rooms, and two L-shaped rooms on either side of the street entrance. The hall has a suspended coved ceiling of acoustic board exposing the bottom chords of the timber trusses. The walls of the stage area are unlined, while those toward the street are lined with wide vertical boarding. The windows of the hall on both its side walls have timber board shutters hinged from the top. The small rooms on either side of the stage are entirely unlined and each has a small boarded-up window and ledged-and-braced door.</p><br>
<p>The rooms at the front of the building house an exhibition space and a small geological museum. The ceilings are lined with stained timber boarding, while some walls are single-skin with horizontal boarding and some are weatherboards.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Herberton School of Arts was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts is important in illustrating the development of Herberton and as an element in the network of these institutions which sprang up in any town of consequence in Queensland during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They were community based and played a valuable educational and social role in the dissemination of information and the provision of facilities for lectures, meetings, games of skill and the staging of community events such as plays and concerts.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts is on a site central to the business area and makes an important visual contribution to the built character of Herberton.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts is important for its connection with the community of Herberton as an integral part of the social and community life of the town since its inception.</p><br>
<p>Herberton Uniting Church is a heritage-listed church at 2-4 Lillian Street, Herberton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1891 by R Petersens. It is also known as Herberton Presbyterian Church. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 August 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Herberton Uniting Church was constructed in 1891 as the Herberton Presbyterian Church. In 1977 following the creation of the Uniting Church in Australia, the Herberton church became known as the Herberton Uniting Church.</p><br>
<p>Both the Methodist and Presbyterian Churches on the Tablelands were formed from Herberton. With the discovery of tin in Herberton, a community flourished and religious groups commenced regular meetings. The late 1880s and early 1890s were a boom time for Herberton with the establishment of the Great Northern Mining Company. From Herberton both the Methodist and Presbyterian churches expanded across the Tablelands, with the Presbyterian church being designated a sanction charge in 1891.</p><br>
<p>On 29 November 1890, Messrs John Newell, W Bona, J Blain, Gordon and Meldrum met in the lounge of a local hotel to discuss the feasibility of forming a Presbyterian Church in Herberton. The first requirement was a minister and on 13 December 1890 Rev. George Ewan arrived to service the parish on a salary of about £200 per year. Rev. Ewan&#39;s parish extended to Irvinebank, Montalbion, Orient Camp, Muldiva, Calcifer, Newelltown, Carrington and Martintown (Tolga).</p><br>
<p>The first services in Herberton were held in the Herberton School of Arts hall and an organ was purchased for use by the church at a cost of £30. On 18 March 1891 a meeting of parish members and the local council was convened in the Herbertson Shire Clerk&#39;s office where a site in Lillian Street was selected for the construction of a church building. The site was levelled by voluntary labour. The tender of local builder Mr R Petersens for £170 was accepted for the construction of a timber church.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone of the church was laid on 4 July 1891 by the Lady Mayoress of the Herberton Shire, Mrs Bonar. The structure was completed in October 1891 at a cost of about £400. The church was dedicated and Rev. Ewan was inducted at a ceremony on 15 November 1891. When opened the church was fitted with red cedar pews, a red cedar pulpit, and the organ purchased for the church and used previously for services held in the School of Arts hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 when the Tablelands railway from Atherton to Ravenshoe was laid, a portion of the property was resumed for this use, changing quite dramatically the setting of the church. Following earthworks for the construction of the siding, the northern rear corner of the church subsided and the entire structure was moved about 30 cm southward.</p><br>
<p>A Roll of Honour made from copper was erected following World War I. This lists the names of the fallen and those who served in the war. During World War II many serviceman were stationed in this area of north Queensland and many reputedly attended regular services at the Herberton Presbyterian Church. Certainly the visitors book of the church lists the names of about 400 service men who attended services during this period.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 communion furniture was purchased for the church by the parishioners. A communion table, moderators chair and two elders chairs were donated to the church by local families.</p><br>
<p>Following the amalgamation of the Congregational, Methodist and Presbyterian Churches in Australia into the Uniting Church in Australia in June 1977, the Herberton Presbyterian Church became the Herberton Uniting Church.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Herberton Uniting Church is a simple rectangular planned timber church building with a gabled roof sited adjacent to the Atherton-Herberton rail line which lines the southern bank of the Wild River through Herberton. The church faces Lillian Street.</p><br>
<p>The church is of single skin timber construction with external framing and bracing creating an interesting external surface. The building has a steeply pitched gabled roof which is clad with sheets of corrugated iron. A simple timber finial is fixed to the apex of the roof on the front face of the building. The church is slightly elevated on concrete stumps.</p><br>
<p>The principal facade of the building, which addresses Lillian Street is symmetrically composed with a central projecting porch flanked by lancet windows. The timber framed porch has a gabled awning which reflects the pitch of the main roof of the structure. The awning is supported on stop chamfered timber posts. Sections of timber balustrade extend from the timber posts to the front face of the church. The entrance door is a double timber boarded door in a pointed arched timber doorframe. The awning covers a small concrete pad which provides a level threshold for entrance to the building. Centrally positioned above the entrance porch is a three-part lancet window arrangement.</p><br>
<p>The two sides of the church are lined with four lancet window openings, reflecting the internal bays. The rear of the church has a small timber door near the eastern corner and is otherwise plain.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church is a simple single room with high ceiling constructed within the roof space, exposing simple timber trusses. The internal walls are lined with horizontal timber boarding. A timber screen of vertical boarding is fixed adjacent to the entrance door creating an entrance vestibule.</p><br>
<p>Internally the building contains many early significant elements which contribute to the documentation of the place&#39;s history. Such elements include a red cedar pulpit fixed to the rear wall of the church and comprising a moulded and panelled reredos surmounted by decorative carved timber panels and into which is incorporated a stool, in front of this is a three sided enclosure of timber moulded panels which is reached via three timber steps. The pulpit features several carved timber finials in the shape of acorns. Other significant items include marble tablets, one commemorating parishioners who fought in World War I, another to the remembrance of Rev. JD Marly; and an unusual Roll of Honour made from beaten copper also commemorating those who fought during World War I.</p><br>
<p>The red cedar pews within the church date from the original building and are simple seats with railed backs and carved pew ends. The organ which dates from the earliest services held by the Uniting Church in the Herberton School of Arts is also an unusual and significant feature. The communion furniture includes a table, moderators chairs and two elders chairs all of which are of timber.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Herberton Uniting Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 August 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Herberton Uniting Church, constructed in 1891 as the Herberton Presbyterian Church demonstrates the development of the Presbyterian Church in Queensland. The development of the Presbyterian Church in the Tablelands area of north Queensland originated with the Herberton parish. The church also demonstrates the growth of Herberton as a mining town during the 1880s and 1890s following the discovery of tin and other metals.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good example of a simple timber ecclesiastical building peculiar to Queensland with its single skinned construction and external frame.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good example of a simple timber ecclesiastical building peculiar to Queensland with its single skinned construction and external frame.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Herberton Uniting Church has social value as a place of public worship for about 108 years. The early Presbyterian community funded the acquisition of land and the erection of the original building and, since then, parishioners have donated various fittings and fixtures which create strong ties to the community. The social value of the place is further emphasised by the two Rolls of Honour within the building commemorating World War I.</p><br>
<p>Great Northern Mine is a heritage-listed mine off Jacks Road, Herberton, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1880 to 1940s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Great Northern tin lode was discovered in 1879 and four prospectors, William Jack, William Ronald Joss, John Newell and Thomas Brandon, who had been working in the Tinaroo and Wild River area for some time applied on 12 April 1880 at Thornborough for a sixty-acre Mineral Freehold.</p><br>
<p>The Great Northern lode was on the eastern side of the Wild River and they traced the three feet wide lode for two miles up the ridges. They located two to three hundred weights of rich tin and, local legend has it, they smelted it crudely on site in a tree stump using their felt hats as bellows. Jack and Newell communicated their find to John Moffat in Stanthorpe who agreed to invest in a battery and smelter in the newly named Herberton area. By August 1880 there were 70 miners at work at Herberton.</p><br>
<p>On 18 September 1880 the Great Northern mine was christened. John Moffat, Anthony Linedale and George Seaman from Stanthorpe and Tent Hill arrived in Herberton in mid October 1880. Moffat&#39;s milling experience enabled him to secure leases and determine the location of tin batteries. Local miners hailed his technical knowledge as necessary for the development of the field.</p><br>
<p>Moffats men prepared foundations for their Great Northern battery in November 1880. After Samuel Dennys experiments at tin smelting on behalf of other miners failed, Moffat enlisted his support for the Great Northern venture. Moffat&#39;s machinery arrived in Herberton in February 1881. The Great Northern ten head stamp battery had a trial crushing in early May 1881. Moffat formed the Herberton Tin Company to manage the Great Northern battery and all his mining interests including the Great Northern mine, on behalf of his Glen Smelting Company in Tent Hill, New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>In the 1800s the Great Northern yielded a steady income for the Moffats Glen Smelting Company. Up to 1885 the mine averaged a phenomenal 30%. Moffats manager, William Bonar, who had previously worked on the Palmer Goldfield, was able to accurately assess the direction of the lode and patterns and distributions to determine where it might next appear as benches and steps in the shaft, a contrasting policy to the reckless devastation of many lodes on Herberton hill. Bonar worked on two lodes the Gully and the Eastern. The two shafts were timbered in 1885 and a "Eclipse" rock drilling plant was acquired in 1887. The assays dropped in 1885 but at 8.6% the Great Northern was still very profitable.</p><br>
<p>Moffat sought to sell the Great Northern mine and battery several times during the late 1880s and early 1890s. The manager, Bonar, and Herberton storekeeper and mining investor, John Newell, were opposed to southern management taking over. When the finances of the Glen Smelting Company were rationalised into the Irvinebank Mining Company (private) in 1889-90 the Herberton Tin Company was not sold into any public company. Moffat tried again in 1892 to sell the Great Northern mine and mill to Sydney interests but without success. The mine closed down in 1893, except for some work done by tributers.</p><br>
<p>Herberton and the Great Northern had suffered from three serious problems in its development: reckless opening of many lodes in the early years, the difficulty in gaining exemptions to install machinery, and the expectation that the Great Northern would continue to perform as a bonanza. There were also problems right up to World War I that there was theft of rich ore and tampering with assays.</p><br>
<p>The Great Northern contributed significantly to John Moffat&#39;s companies for decades. Over 30 years it produced 4,400 tons of tin valued at £220,000 at an average assay of 14%. The mill ceased for a time in 1895. Moffat succeeded in floating the Great Northern in 1901 but the mill and mine remained idle until 1902. The shaft was sunk to 213 m in the next four years. The following years of operation the assay was only 3.5% and the mill was spectacularly less successful than the first fifteen years. Controversy arose over management of the three shafts, Froghole, Gully and Great Northern. Heavy water also entered the Gully shaft. Further sinking was postponed pending the erection of a headframe in 1909. However the mill, technologically more modern than the Loudoun at Irvinebank and christened on 24 August 1904, was a boon for miners. Nevertheless, the problem over assays and theft continued.</p><br>
<p>The brace was erected in 1909 on the New Gully shaft. The mine resumed in the middle of 1916 with dewatering to 91 m. The winding plant was reset on foundations and the machinery overhauled. Seventeen men were employed in 1917 mining in the No.2 and No.3 workings. 30.5 tons of tin ore were obtained for a return of five tons 13 cwt of tin valued at £1,016. The company&#39;s mill was expected to be commissioned in 1918. The Gully shaft was cleaned out in 1918 down to a rich body of ore at 12 m. The company was able to clear off its debt. The town battery started crushing in February 1918. That year it was the second highest producer on the field.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 encouraging results were obtained from the hitherto barren side of a porphry dyke at the 122 m level. In 1930 the company lost the services of S. Day its manager since its re-opening in 1917. £7,658 worth of tin averaging 11.1% was won from 767 tons of ore. Freehold title was regained over the mine. Because of the low price of tin operations were suspended at the end of the year.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 the north workings were prospected and broken stopes retimbered; 29 tons of wolfram and 81 tons of tin were obtained. In the spa lode behind the boiler shed a winze and shaft were sunk for 10 tons of good ore in 1938. A new shaft to 15 m on the eastern lode in 1940 and prospecting shafts were put in; 215 tons of old dumps were treated for 2.6 tons of concentrates. £961 tons of tin were obtained in 1942.</p><br>
<p>In 1945 several tons of dumps were treated averaging under 1% for metal but no underground mining was done. No underground work was done in 1947 but some surface prospecting was carried out. In 1940 J. Newell dewatered "A" shaft. The Great Northern Freehold Mine and the battery changed hands in 1953. The new owner, F. L. Stamp, commenced work on the mine in June and put down six prospecting holes to obtain new lodes. The mine rarely operated thereafter.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place contains a comprehensive range of functions that exemplify historical tin mining in the Herberton district including - alluvial workings, shaft sinking, winding and pumping, maintenance and accommodation. There are four main component areas - alluvial workings, Eastern Shaft, Gully Shaft and a house.</p><br>
<p>Alluvial workings extend for the length of a permanent watercourse which runs through on the boundary of the property. These workings include stone and concrete retaining walls and evidence of work areas and camp sites. This area is claimed to be "the gully in which alluvial tin was first discovered".</p><br>
<p>The property contains 16 mine shafts of varying depths, an adit and an open cut shaft. The most important of these workings are the Eastern Shaft and the Gully shaft with their associated surface structures and plant. The Eastern Shaft group is extremely intact and includes a timber collared shaft and timber headframe, with an intact round timber and weatherboard winding shed containing an air receiver, compressor, single cylinder and portable steam engines, winding engine, boiler and pump. An extensive mullock dump is associated with the shaft.</p><br>
<p>The Gully Shaft, which is centrally situated on the property, contains a main shaft with a caved collar and recently collapsed timber headframe. Associated buildings includes a workshop and smithy(now collapsed), a crib room, and a round timber and weatherboard winding shed containing two vertical boilers converted to air receivers, a compressor, a winding engine and two boilers. This machinery is claimed to be from the Durham mine on the Etheridge Goldfield.</p><br>
<p>The fourth component of the place is an early two room house of weatherboard timber and iron construction set on round timber stumps. Furnishings, furniture and bric-a-brac of the former owner, remain. The house is termite infested and in poor condition.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Colonial boiler - Smith & Faulkner Brisbane</p><br>
<p>Tandem air compressor - A.Harkness & Co. Victoria Foundry Bendigo 1891</p><br>
<p>Tandem air compressor - J.Horwood & Sons Bendigo Ironworks Sandhurst Estab 1856</p><br>
<p>Portable steam engine - Marshall & Sons & Co. No 4904 Gainsborough England, David Munro & Co.Melbourne Distributors</p><br>
<p>Vertical Special steam pump - Tangye Makers Birmingham</p><br>
<p>Colonial boiler in brick mount - Walkers Limited</p><br>
<p>Colonial boiler - no brand</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder winding engine - Walkers Ltd Engineers Maryborough</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder winding engine - no brand. (Walkers Limited)</p><br>
<p>2 Vertical boilers (Air receivers)</p><br>
<p>Duplex steam pump (not in situ)</p><br>
<p>Tandem air compressor - Ingersoll Rand.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Great Northern Mine was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Great Northern mine at Herberton is historically significant as the pioneer lode tin producer in Australia (compared with alluvial production). Discoveries of tin in 1879 led to the establishment of an active and thriving township to be named, Herberton. Within four years there were 160 other lode or reef tin mines being worked in the neighbourhood. Hence, the Great Northern had a key role in stimulating the development of the mining industry and the economy of the Atherton Tableland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The mine contains the only timber headframe with sheave wheels surviving in North Queensland. The rarity and intactness of the surviving plant surpasses any other mining place recorded in Queensland. The rare plant includes a Harkness compressor (possibly the only Harkness product surviving in Australia), a Horwood compressor (the only known intact item) and a very early and rare 1878 Marshall portable steam engine in good condition. It is rare that two tandem steam air compressors manufactured by two of Victoria&#39;s earliest engine builders (A. Harkness, Victoria Foundry, Bendigo and J. Horwood, Bendigo Ironworks) still reside together on an early North Queensland mine.</p><br>
<p>The combination of components - alluvial mining, hard rock mining and residence on a freehold property - is rare.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The mine is also associated with the mining entrepreneur, John Moffat, as his first venture in North Queensland in 1880.</p><br>
<p>Ikersuaq, old spelling Ikerssuak,  is a fjord in southwestern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Kujalleq municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Ikersuaq fjord is oriented in a roughly NE/SW direction and to the southwest its mouth opens into the Julianehab Bay, Labrador Sea, North Atlantic Ocean. There is a vast ice field on the northwestern side of the fjord, where there are three branches, Qaleragdlit Imâ, Kangerlua and Kangerluarsuk.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Sermilik (Nordre Sermilik) fjord is the inner section of Ikersuaq fjord. On its southern side the 1,440 m high Ilimaussaq peak rises in the peninsula to the east of the fjord. Northern Sermilik has two branches in the north with large glaciers at their heads.</p><br>
<p>Elongated Tuttutooq Island is a prolongation of the southwestern end of the peninsula forming the southern shore of Northern Sermilik. The Narsaq Sound separates the peninsula from the island on the southern shore, connecting with neighbouring Tunulliarfik and Skovfjord.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Ivar Haug (2005). UBiT (Trondheim University Library),</p><br>
<p>Bredefjord is a fjord in northeastern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.</p><br>
<p>Tundra climate prevails in the area of the fjord, the average annual temperature in the area being -14° C. The warmest month is July when the average temperature rises to 1° C and the coldest is January with -23° C.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Bredefjord is oriented in a roughly NW/SE direction and its mouth opens at the junction with the Smallefjord from the west into the Ardencaple Fjord, Hochstetter Bay, Greenland Sea. The large Stormgletscher and Ejnar Mikkelsen glaciers form a confluence at its head.</p><br>
<p>Queen Margrethe II Land lies to the north of the fjord and C. H. Ostenfeld Land to the south.</p><br>
<p>Kairi Maize Silos are heritage-listed silos at 22 Godfrey Road, Kairi, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. They were designed and built in 1924 by Henry Simon Ltd. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 August 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kairi Maize Silos are a complex of 4 concrete silos located approximately 10 kilometres east of Atherton near the outskirts of Kairi Township on the northern side of the Tolga/Johnstone railway line.</p><br>
<p>Maize production began purely as a response to a local demand, and grew rapidly as the dominant agricultural industry of the southern Atherton Tablelands up until the Second World War. Although some of the crop was exported to the south and overseas, its main market was and remains regional. Chinese settlers were instrumental in setting up the industry during the late 19th century, and returned soldiers from the First World War continued the industry in the early 20th century. The maize industry has experienced mixed fortunes over its history and has been subject to government intervention at every stage of its evolution. It now remains as a small section of the local economy, no longer monocultural, or as the dominant crop.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1920s, pricing problems and the regions climate impacted on the areas ability to store grain. This led to the formation of the Atherton Tableland Maize Board, which became responsible for storage issues and marketing the crop. In 1924, the Atherton Tablelands Maize Board erected three storage cluster silo complexes at Kairi, Tolga and Atherton. Only the Kairi Maize Silos remain as evidence of the region&#39;s significant maize industry.</p><br>
<p>Agriculture in the Atherton Tablelands followed mining and grazing. Although timber drew many settlers to the area, the maize industry was pivotal in opening up the Atherton Tablelands to agriculture. Maize initially fulfilled the requirements for stockfeed for the mining communities around Herberton and Irvinebank and later, further west.</p><br>
<p>Realising that it would be difficult to prosper only from planting maize crops, the farmers attempted to find alternate crops. The Atherton Farmers&#39; Associated lobbied the Minister for Agriculture to establish a State Farm to provide research and advice on the growing of different strains of maize. As a result, the Kairi State Farm was established in 1912 and was responsible for much of the experimental work carried out within the maize industry. The Kairi State Farm remained in operation until closed by the Queensland Government in 1935 despite the closure being disputed by the farming community which pointed out to the Government the desirability of having such a facility in a tropical environment.</p><br>
<p>White maize farmers resented the successful Chinese maize growers and with the inception of the Soldier Settler Scheme in 1917, Chinese farmers were displaced.</p><br>
<p>The area of land planted to maize steadily declined from 1919 to 1923 due to a series of difficulties experienced by small farmers under the Soldier Settlement Scheme despite attempts by the Government to relieve problems and allocate abandoned farms to remaining settlers to increase the size of their land. However at the time available varieties of maize were not suitable for the climatic conditions and were subject to various fungal and bacterial conditions. This resulted in an inferior product for the market and a push to resolve the problem by growing resistant strains of maize, and by erecting proper storage.</p><br>
<p>Farmers experienced difficulty in drying their crops and protecting it from pests while in storage. Treatment for pest eradication in the stored grain was costly, requiring an investment in drying and storage facilities for each farm. Failure to dry the grain to the required 14% of moisture also resulted in mouldy grain which was difficult to sell and added to the poor reputation of the Tablelands crop. Initially farmers stored their maize in barns but rodents and weevils soon encouraged the more affluent farmers to erect 1,200 gallon galvanised tanks for storage. They tried to overcome grain moisture problems by sun drying their maize on canvas tarpaulins before storing it in the tanks. Carbon bisulphate was then added to the top of the sealed tanks to kill the weevils. These efforts had variable results.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Agriculture and Stock recognised the difficulties and advocated for a modern plant for the drying, treatment and storage of the grain as early as 1921. It identified the need for a centralised, modern drying and storage facility, but recognised that the financing of such a facility was an insurmountable obstacle for the farmers. This difficulty, as well as the problems inherent in the marketing of the crop, was overcome by the introduction of legislation which was part of the complete reorganisation of agriculture in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>During the interwar period, the Queensland Government introduced five critical pieces of legislation which fundamentally affected the maize industry on the Atherton Tablelands. The Cooperative Production Act of 1914-19 allowed farmers to borrow money from the Government for centralised storage. The Primary Producers Organisation Act of 1922 provided for the political organisation of agriculture. The Primary Producers Cooperative Association Act of 1923 made possible the formation of cooperative companies to deal with the marketing of primary produce. The Primary Products Pool Act of 1923 enabled the establishment of pools of primary produce which allowed all the farmers to be placed on an equal footing, with one selling agent to handle the marketing of the crop and the Agricultural Bank Act of 1923 provided for cooperatives to borrow money for advance payments on crops before the sale of the commodity.</p><br>
<p>By 1923, as a result of the introduction of these pieces of legislation, the farmers had the means to form themselves into a Cooperative Company, raise money for suitable grain handling facilities, and market the crop as a whole, with returns guaranteed to each grower. The maize farmers after much acrimonious debate, took advantage of the legislation, and formed a pool, administered by the Atherton Tablelands Maize Marketing Board by authority of the Primary Producers&#39; Organisation and Marketing Act of 1922-1926.</p><br>
<p>Thus, the inaugural Atherton Tableland Maize Growers Board negotiated a loan of £70,000 from the Government and built storage facilities at Tolga and Kairi, and a storage and drying plant at Atherton. Each had a working capacity of about 650 tons, barely enough to process the anticipated delivery of about 20,000 tons. The Board began operations in 1924, in time to handle the harvest of that year.</p><br>
<p>Each cylindrical concrete structure was constructed to 25 feet (7.6 metres) in diameter and 70 feet (21 metres) high.</p><br>
<p>The silos were designed, constructed and equipped with elevators, cleaning plant and driers by a Sydney-based firm Henry Simon Ltd.</p><br>
<p>Constructed using "sliding form" concreting (later known as slip-form concreting) the Kairi Maize Silos is one of the earliest applications of this technique in the construction of maize silos in Australia. The construction of the Kairi Maize Silos was overseen by a British engineer, Mr. C.P. Kinninmonth. The facility cost £7,000 which was financed by the Queensland Treasury, and was repaid through levies on maize sold by the Board. The silos were opened by the Honourable William Gillies on the 15 November 1924.</p><br>
<p>The complex was initially powered by a single cylinder 20 horse power Ronaldson Brothers & Tippet horizontal engine. In a measure of efficiency the engine was fuelled by burning corn cobs after they had been shelled. It powered the grain elevator and the fans to dry the maize. This engine was replaced in the 1930s, and may have incorporated an electrically driven system.</p><br>
<p>A small axial flow fan was constructed in the base of each silo. This was attached to perforated ducting, which sat on the floor of the silo. When in operation, the fan blew cool dry air, which was distributed via the ducting throughout the bin. This reduced the temperature of the maize within the structure to a level at which insect and mould development could not occur. A combination of drying and cooling using this method enabled the maize to be maintained in a sound and fresh condition for long periods. Cleaning equipment was located at each silo complex, while a drying plant was established at the Atherton silos to process maize with a moisture content exceeding 14 percent.</p><br>
<p>When the maize was received at the silos it was discharged from the truck through a grate in the timber floor of the grain receiving building, into a bin. From sub-surface level the maize was lifted by an elevator about 5 – 6 metres to the mezzanine floor above, which housed the sorting / grading machine. The sorting machine removed foreign matter from the shelled maize.</p><br>
<p>Using a system of electrically driven conveyor belts and elevators, grain in the silos was directed around the cluster of silos for cleaning, re-cooling or back through the underground tunnel to transport it from the site.</p><br>
<p>The elevator, located in the inter-silo space, carried the maize to the maize elevator tower which straddles the roof of the four silos. The maize then was conveyed through one of four chutes, into a designated silo. This part of the process was performed manually and access to the maize elevator tower was via a ladder attached to the exterior wall of one of the silos. Provision for access to the tower was incorporated by installing a passageway under the silos, which led to a ladder attached to the exterior wall. The silos could be fully emptied of its maize by the incorporation of inspection hatches located at the base of the silo.</p><br>
<p>The silos were an example of the socialisation of agriculture practiced by the Queensland Labor government following World War I. It based its practice on Union organisation principles, with the aim to organise the farmers in order to cut out the middleman and market co-operatively. Bolstering these organisations would be State-provided infrastructure such as transport, agricultural education and research.</p><br>
<p>The system of organised marketing and pooling of the crop certainly gave the farmers some surety of income, but instead of eliminating the "middleman" it imposed another layer of bureaucracy, for which the farmers had to pay. The Queensland Government experiment with agrarian socialism during the establishment of the maize industry on the Atherton Tableland resulted in a highly regulated industry which produced high levels of debt for the cooperative entity and local government. The system did not meet expectations and was not an outstanding success on the Atherton Tablelands.</p><br>
<p>In the years following the construction of the silos the costs associated with the production of maize dropped and remained fairly stable, rising and falling as a percentage of grower returns, but remaining in the region of 20% to 25% of total returns. In spite of being the only maize growing area in Queensland to take advantage of legislation which allowed farmers to take control of the collective marketing of the crop, the industry struggled until the Second World War. The small size of farms forced farmers to grow maize as their only crop resulting in weed infestations, pests, and erosion gradually depleting the soil and grain yield. This often reduced farmers to a state of grinding poverty.</p><br>
<p>The years of the 1930s Depression followed by the Second World War affected many of the people involved in the maize industry on the Atherton Tablelands. Decline in farm values meant that immigrant farmers were able to acquire more land, albeit run down, as the debt-ridden soldier settlers and other settlers left the industry. Gradually the farms were taken over and enlarged, in many cases by migrant farmers from Italy, Albania, and Yugoslavia, some of whom were interned during the Second World War as "enemy aliens." The state of the industry improved when the Maize Board in 1936 began manufacturing poultry rations, and the "Athmaze" brand of stock and poultry feeds was introduced. This activity consumed around 21% of maize produced on the Atherton Tablelands in the 1930s and 1940s.</p><br>
<p>After the Second World War advances in technology allowed farmers to increase production and efficiency but it was not until the 1960s that government sponsored research produced high yielding maize varieties, introduced rotation of crops, and established weed, pest and conservation management programmes. However, a monocultural approach to cropping had led to loss of the soil fertility which originally had been caused by nutrient recycling in the long-gone rain forest. It had also caused widespread erosion and thousands of tons of top-soil had been washing into the Barron River for decades. Realising that action had to be taken, farmers agreed to a compulsory levy of 1s. per ton on all maize produced in order to set up research projects on erosion and soil fertility, pest management and weed control. In 1946 this led to the reopening and redesignation of the State Farm at Kairi as a Regional Research Station. This Government action proved to be of enormous benefit to the maize farmers and the agricultural lands of the Atherton Tableland.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1970s the whole of the industrys maize production was absorbed by the dairy, poultry and pig industries of the Tableland and coastal areas including Mossman to Tully. The economic climate of the 1980s had been a very difficult time for the maize industry. Therefore, the industry entered the 1990s in a state of uncertainty and ferment, with poor returns, and an economy which made management of farms and businesses very difficult. The affairs of the Atherton Tableland Maize Marketing Board and of Athmaize, the milling and stock-feed operation, had been merged since the inception of Athmaize in 1936. In 1993 the Queensland government introduced deregulation to the maize industry and with the introduction in 1993 of a permit system with a fee of $16.00 per tonne led to the dissolution of the Board. The Boards assets and liabilities were transferred to the Athmaize Producers Cooperative Association on 1 March 1994. Athmaize went into liquidation in 2002 thus ending 75 years of the Board&#39;s control of the maize industry on the Atherton Tablelands.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Kairi Maize Silos are located on the southern boundary of Lot 7 RP901633, at its midpoint, which faces Godfrey Road.</p><br>
<p>The Silos are constructed from reinforced concrete and are not adorned with any decorative elements.</p><br>
<p>The place comprises a group of four separate silos arranged in a cluster. A corrugated galvanised iron, timber framed, multi-level skillion structure containing the receiving shed, office, toilets, elevators, conveyors and drive shafts, and engine room, abuts the southern walls of two of the silos.</p><br>
<p>A galvanised corrugated iron, elongated maize elevator tower straddles the roofs of the four silos. The tower is accessed through a passageway under the silos which is still present, and this leads to a ladder attached to the exterior wall. This passageway also houses the elevators for carrying the maize to the top of silos. The entrance to this passageway is located inside the maize receiving shed and is accessed via a wooden ladder. The subsurface areas and passageway were not accessed.</p><br>
<p>Internal infrastructure which remains at the place includes the facility&#39;s plant consisting of an engine connected by a drive wheel to the drive shaft and all associated elements to attach it to the ceiling of the receiving shed. Not inspected but also present are the elevators and conveyor belts (housed in the shed but in a largely disassembled state) and the intact maize sorting / grading machine, regarded as remnant machinery s, and located on the mezzanine floor of the grain receiving building, approximately 5 metres above ground level and its camel haired conveyor belt. The truck despatch and receiving entrance is also extant. The access ladder used to enter the underground passageway, was extant although unusable located inside the maize receiving shed.</p><br>
<p>On the exterior of each silo are hatches / manholes located around 5 metres from the base of the silo. These are made of cast iron and are hinged at the bottom of the base plate. They are secured shut by two simple catches. Ventilation shafts are located at the base of each silo. It is likely that these shafts traversed the base of each silo allowing a fan to pump air through the silo thereby controlling mould and moisture build -up.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kairi Maize Silos was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 August 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Kairi Maize Silos, a cluster of four silos and incorporating associated structures to form a complex, are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s agricultural history where maize was a major long standing industry in Far North Queensland. They are the last surviving example of three silo complexes erected on the Atherton Tableland to store maize and service the industry.</p><br>
<p>The Kairi Maize Silos are an important example of the regulation of agriculture in Australia during the interwar period, and particularly the regulation of the maize industry under the Maize Marketing Board.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Kairi Maize Silos are a rare aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage. They are the only extant example of a maize silo complex in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Kairi Maize Silos are largely intact and significant for their potential to reveal further information about early 20th century concrete silo construction, technology and layout.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Kairi Silos complex demonstrates the principal characteristics of a bulk storage system associated with the Maize industry. It is a rare and largely intact complex incorporating elements of a bulk maize storage system which includes the sorting/grading machine, electric engine, elevators and conveyors. The Kairi Maize silos are the only surviving cluster silo complex on the Atherton Tableland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Kairi Maize Silos with a height of 21 metres and a diameter of 7.6 metres, tower above the flat topography of the town and surrounding agricultural landscape of Kairi and the Atherton Tableland. The Silos are topped with an elongated corrugated iron elevator tower which adds further to the Silos as a landmark in this landscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Kairi Maize Silos demonstrate a high degree of technical achievement as they were constructed using slip form concreting. This represents one of the earliest applications of this technique to the construction of maize silos in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Riggs-Zorach House is a historic house in the Robinhood area of Georgetown, Maine. Built in the early 19th century for a local state legislator, it is a good local example of Federal/Greek Revival period architecture. It is most prominent as the home of artists Marguerite Thompson Zorach and William Zorach in the mid-20th century. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Riggs-Zorach House stands near the end of Stone Bridge Lane in Robinhood, a hamlet in northeastern Georgetown on the banks of the Sasanoa River. The house is set on 22 acre and oriented with a view toward the water. It consists of a 2-1/2 story main block, to which a series of additional structures (ell, carriage barn, and barn) are connected, giving the entire structure a W shape. The main block has a combination of Federal and Greek Revival features, with narrow Federal period molding around its windows, and a Greek Revival entrance surround. The building is covered by gabled roofs, with clapboard siding and a granite foundation. The interior has Federal period wood paneling and detailing on its main staircase.</p><br>
<p>The house was built sometime in the first three decades of the 19th century by James Riggs, the son of Benjamin Riggs, who came to the area in the 1770s. The younger Riggs was a merchant who also served one term as a state legislator. The house remained in the Riggs family roughly through the end of the 19th century, and was abandoned for about 20 years. In 1923 it was purchased by William and Marguerite Zorach. William was a Lithuanian immigrant and sculptor, whose works, as well as those of his wife Marguerite, a prominent Fauve and post-modernist painter and textiles artist, have been displayed in major American museums. The house served as the Zorachs&#39; summer studio until his death in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Augustus and Laura Blaisdell House is a historic house at 517 Depot Street in Chester, Vermont. Built in 1868 for a local businessman, it is a fine local example of transitional Greek Revival-Italianate architecture. It has historically served both commercial and residential functions, and now contains apartments. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Blaisdell House stands in the village of Chester Depot, at the southwest corner of Depot Street and Railroad Avenue. It is prominently sited on a rise overlooking the village. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and a foundation of stone and concrete blocks. The main facade faces east, and is five bays wide, with three bays in the attic level. A single-story porch extends across the front, its posts set on pedestals and joined at the top by a valence. Windows on the front and sides are sash, topped by distinctive low gabled caps. Near the peak of the gable is a round-arch opening that has been enclosed. A two-story ell extends to the rear of the main block. The interior of the building, now divided into multiple residential units, still retains a significant amount of period styling.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1868 for Augustus and Laura Blaisdell, natives of New Hampshire who moved here in 1860. The Blaisdells operated a company that manufactured fireproof roofing and paint at their home base in New Hampshire, and built this building on a prominent site in the village to promote sales, which were conducted from a storefront on its ground floor. The land and building were both owned by Laura Blaisdell, and were willed to Augustus upon her death in 1888. He closed the company store and sold the property in 1891. The building saw a variety of uses, at times exclusively residential, but often with a business component, for most of the 20th century. The house is architecturally distinctive in the village for its unique combination of Italianate and Greek Revival features.</p><br>
<p>St James Catholic Church is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic church at Monash Avenue, Malanda, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Bob Hassall and built by Alby Halfpapp from 1925 to 1926. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000. The church is part of the Roman Catholic Parish of Malanda.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The St James Catholic church of Malanda was constructed in 1925. Malanda resident, Mr Bob Hassall designed the church and altar. Another local, Mr Alby Halfpapp built the church. Both church and altar were built from local timbers. Mr James English, Chairman of the St James Church building committee, donated money to the Church&#39;s building fund and provided the land on which the Church was built.</p><br>
<p>Amongst the first settlers in Malanda was the family of James English. English, who became known as the founder of Malanda, came from the Lismore district of New South Wales seeking cedar, in 1907. In that year, the Group Settlement Act was passed by the Queensland Government, allowing groups of selectors, being either family groups or people who knew each other, to apply for adjoining blocks prior to a whole area being opened up for selection. This was designed to encourage the first settlers to help each other. The Malanda area was opened up under this scheme and the English family was one of the first groups to take up land. James English took up two parcels of land, with his son Patrick taking another two. Two friends who had accompanied English from New South Wales, Percy and Stan Davies, also took up land. This gave the English group a large portion of the available land.</p><br>
<p>With much timber on the adjoining properties English erected a timber mill. A defunct mill at Tolga was dismantled and reconstructed at Malanda. This mill supplied timber for many buildings of the Malanda township such as shops in English Street as well as the Majestic Picture Theatre and the Malanda Hotel.</p><br>
<p>James English who with his wife Catherine had entertained many visitors to the district, saw the need for a hotel for travellers once the Tablelands railway line arrived from Yungaburra in 1910. He applied for a licence and built the Malanda Hotel, this is still in the English family.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s there were no church buildings in Malanda and any services or religious ceremonies were held in the hall next to the hotel. In 1925 the Catholic community of which the English family were staunch members, decided to build a church. At a meeting on the 9 August 1925 a building committee was formed to attend to the construction of a Catholic church. At subsequent meetings it was decided to build a church that could accommodate 200 people. Mr Hassell was commissioned to draw up plans and specifications and Mr Lynch was appointed foreman of works. Mr Halfpapp was deputed to build the church with the help of a permanent assistant, at the rate of 2 pounds 7 shillings per day for the two, with the additional help of three men for two weeks to start the work off. The building was to have a concrete floor with ironbark blocks. The outside walls were to be of water gum chamfers, and the ceiling and lining of bull oak, with all other timbers to be left to Mr Hassell to determine. At later meetings, the proposal for a concrete floor was altered to that of a wooden floor, and the further suggestion was made that a choir gallery be included in the plans, if the estimate did not exceed £1,000. Timber mills from Millaa Millaa, Glen Allyn, Kureen, Yungaburra and Malanda were asked to tender for the supply of timber. The tender was given to P English of Malanda who agreed to supply and deliver all timber to the site for 48 shillings per 100 super feet.</p><br>
<p>The first donations towards the building of the church were made by James English, who gave £100, as well as Mick Lynch, Dan O&#39;Connell, Peter and Lou Kenny and Jack Hanrahan, who all gave £50. These men were all members of the building committee. James English then donated an acre of land, valued at about £600, from the grounds of his home, upon which the church would be built. The timber for the altar is said to have come from the English property as well. The white painted, gold trimmed altar was designed by Mr Hassall, the architect of the church and built in Mareeba by cabinet maker Steve Purcell at the cost of £1,200.</p><br>
<p>Mrs Catherine English, an avid Catholic, wanted to see the church built in her time, but she died before it was finished. The building of the church was finalised by November 1926 and the church, then named St James, was opened and blessed by Bishop John Heavey on Sunday 23 January 1927.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The St James Catholic Church is a small, low set, single storeyed timber church situated on a large block of land in Monash Avenue, Malanda, overlooking the town and district of Malanda.</p><br>
<p>The church is symmetrically composed and is approximately 22 m long x 12 m wide (excluding vestry and store-room). The building has a frontispiece, which forms a small porch that provides access to the front doors of the Church via side stairs. The high-pitched, gabled, corrugated iron roof has been painted red. A Celtic cross finial crowns each gable. The church is elevated on short round timber stumps, colored brown. The external chamferboard walls are painted cream.</p><br>
<p>Double timber doors lead to a simple interior. The internal walls are tongue and groove, which are painted off-white. The 1960s false ceiling is constructed of fibro cement sheeting. The original tongue and groove ceiling is still visible under the sheeting. The hardwood polished floor is constructed from local rainforest timber, "black bean".</p><br>
<p>Timber stairs at the rear of the Church lead to the original choir gallery, approximately 2m wide. This space is now used for storage, but contains some overflow seating.</p><br>
<p>There is a central aisle leading down to the altar. On either side of the aisle are nine timber pews constructed from maple. The communion rail has been removed; however its original location is still visible in the timber floorboards.</p><br>
<p>Tall, narrow, sharply-pointed widows (lancet) are located on all sides of the building. Each comprises three glass panes. The bottom pair of frames form a sash-window, whilst the top pane is fixed. The sash-windows are coloured yellow, whilst the fixed pane is coloured green. Some of the windows have been replaced over the years with clear glass panes. A single lancet is located in the frontispiece, however, instead of a glass pane, fixed timber louvers have been used. A single widow is located on either side of the front wall of the building, in line with the window in the frontispiece. Three single lancets have been combined to form a "Trinity window" in the front and rear gable. Along each side of the church are four, double-lancet windows. Both double lancet and Trinity windows have been used in the vestry and storage room.</p><br>
<p>The building has three main exits including the double front doors and two single timber doors located at the rear of the church. One of the single doors leads from the vestry and the other from the storage room.</p><br>
<p>The original ornate timber altar transforms this otherwise simple, unadorned country church into a highly evocative place of worship. The altar consists of a flat-topped table supported by eight columns. A panel situated behind the columns has been carved with gothic designs and a Celtic cross, which has been highlighted with gold paint. Motifs painted in gold in the centre of each of the gothic panels include single grape leaves and a chalice surrounded by grapes and heads of barley. Located at the centre of the altar table is a tabernacle. Above the tabernacle is a crucifix, housed within a narrow pointed arch. Three decorative pointed arches are located on either side of the tabernacle. These are topped with ornate timber carvings. Details on the white painted carved timber are highlighted with gold paint. A Celtic cross forms the apex of the altar, which reaches upwards towards the false ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The c.1960s timber altar is located in front of the original altar, which today allows the priest to face the congregation whilst conducting mass.</p><br>
<p>A small vestry (3.5m x 3.5m) is located to the right of the altar. An identical room is located on the left side of the altar. It is currently being used for storage and as a place to prepare floral arrangements for the church altar.</p><br>
<p>The Church is set back on the crest of a slope and, before the vegetation of the surrounding properties matured, would have had commanding views of the town and district of Malanda. The Presbytery, residence of the parish priest, is located at the rear of the Church.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St James Catholic Church & Altar was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The St James Catholic Church has a special association with the life of the English Family. Known as the founders of Malanda, Mr James and Mrs Catherine English were early selectors who arrived in the region when the district was opened up in 1907 under the Queensland Government&#39;s Group Settlement Act.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The St James Catholic Church is a fine example of a timber church.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The simple design, incorporating carved internal detailing and furniture, demonstrates a high level of craftsmanship using local timber. The reredos, a remarkable and highly ornate original fitting, has been retained and adapted to suit changes in the liturgy.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with the Catholic community of Malanda. Both the fund raising for the Church and its design and construction were projects involving the wider community in the early years of settlement in the region.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The St James Catholic Church has a special association with the life of the English Family. Known as the founders of Malanda, Mr James and Mrs Catherine English were early selectors who arrived in the region when the district was opened up in 1907 under the Queensland Government&#39;s Group Settlement Act.</p><br>
